Slide 1TodaySlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42Slide 43Slide 44Glands (Hormone Target Tissue)Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Slide 49Slide 50Slide 51Slide 52Slide 53Slide 54Slide 55Slide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Slide 60Slide 61NextSlide 63Slide 64Slide 67Slide 68Slide 69Slide 70Slide 71Slide 72Slide 73Slide 74Slide 75Slide 76Slide 77Slide 78Slide 79Slide 80Slide 81Slide 82Slide 83Slide 84Slide 85Slide 86Slide 87Slide 88Slide 89Slide 90Slide 91Slide 92Slide 93Endocrine SystemTodayEndocrine System•Pituitary gland “Master Gland”•Organs of the Endocrine system•Thyroid•Parathyroid•Adrenals•Pancreas1. Compare the similarities between the endocrine and nervous system.2. Compare the similarities between the Anterior Pituitary Gland and the Posterior Pituitary Gland.IntroductionA. Theendocrinesystemismadeupofthecells,tissues,andorgansthatsecretehormonesinto bodyfluids.B. Thebodyhastwokindsofglands,exocrine (secretesproductsintoducts)andendocrine(secreteproductsintobodyfluidstoaffect targetcells).CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.General Characteristics of the Endocrine SystemA. Theendocrinesystem’sfunctionisto•communicatewithcellsusingchemicalscalledhormones.B. Endocrineglandsandtheirhormones•regulateanumberofmetabolicprocesseswithincells, andthewholebody.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.C. Theiractionsareprecise,•theyonlyaffectspecifictargetcells.D. Endocrineglandsincludethe1. pituitarygland,2. thyroidgland,3. parathyroidglands,4. adrenalglands,5. pancreas,andotherhormone-secretingglandsandtissues.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Hormone ActionA. Hormonesarecanbedividedintothreegroupsonthebasisofchemicalstructure:aminoacidderivatives(Epinephrine,Norepinephrine,thyroidhormones,melatonin),peptidehormones(ADH,Oxytocin,GH,Prolactin),andlipidderivatives(steroids).•Altercellularoperationsbychangingtheidenties,activities,orquantitiesofimportenzymesandstructuralproteinsinvarioustargetcells.•theycaninfluencetargetcellseveniftheyarepresentonlyinminuteconcentrations.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.C. Nonsteroid Hormones 1. Receptorsintargetcellmembranes2. Thehormone-receptorcomplex(asfirstmessenger) triggers a cascade ofbiologicalactivity.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.3. Thehormone-receptorcomplexgenerallyactivatesaGprotein,whichthenactivatestheenzymeadenylatecyclasethatisboundtotheinnercellmembrane.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.4. ThisenzymeremovestwophosphatesfromATPtoproducecyclicAMP(thesecondmessenger),whichinturnactivatesproteinenzymesthatactivateproteins.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.5. Theseactivatedproteinsinducechangesinthecell.6. NotallnonsteroidhormonesusecAMP;othersusediacylglycerol(DAG)orinositoltriphosphate.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.D. Prostaglandins 1. Prostaglandinsarelocally-producedlipidsthataffecttheorganinwhichtheyareproduced.2. Prostaglandinsproduceavarietyofeffects:somerelaxsmoothmuscle,otherscontractsmoothmuscle,somestimulatesecretionofotherhormones,andothersinfluencebloodpressureandinflammation.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Control of Hormonal SecretionsA. Hormonelevelsareverypreciselyregulated.B. Control Mechanisms1. Release of hormones from thehypothalamus controls secretions ofthe anteriorpituitary.2. The nervous system influences certainendocrineglandsdirectly.3. Other glands respond directly tochanges in the internal fluidcomposition.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.C. Negative Feedback Systems1. Commonly,negativefeedbackmechanismscontrolhormonalreleases.2. In a negative feedback system, a glandissensitivetotheconcentrationof thesubstanceitregulatesorwhichregulatesit.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 3. Whentheconcentrationoftheregulatedsubstancereachesacertainlevel(highorlow),itinhibitstheglandfromsecretingmorehormoneuntiltheconcentrationreturnstonormal.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Location of Major Endocrine GlandsCopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.Pituitary Gland “Master Gland”A. The pituitary gland is attached to the base