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MSU LBS 148 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Course Lbs 148-
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PowerPoint PresentationSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Animals provide vivid examples of biology’s overarching theme: evolutionevolution.As a consequence of evolutionary adaptation, structure and functionstructure and function are correlated (“form follows function”). Which is the better utensil: a spoon or a fork? The answer, of course, depends on what you are trying to eat. The long, tongue-like proboscis of the hawk moth is a structural adaptation for sucking nectar from deep within tube-shaped flowers. The foraging hawk moth illustrates another major theme: regulationregulation. While natural selection provides a mechanism for long-term adaptation, organisms also evolve behavioral & physiological mechanisms to adjust to short-term environmental change. The hawk moth Manduca sexta can forage when air temperatures are as low as 5°C. It uses a shivering-like mechanism for preflight warm-up of its muscles. Once the moth takes off, metabolic activity of its flight muscles generates heat, and regulatory adaptations maintain muscle temperature near 30°C even though the external temperature may be close to freezing. All animal activities require fuel in the form of chemical energy. BioenergeticsBioenergetics - how organisms obtain, process, and use energy – is another theme in our comparative study of animals.Chapter 40: AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONAnimals are multicellular organisms with their specialized cells grouped into tissuestissues. TissuesTissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function. Combinations of various tissues make up functional units called organsorgans, and groups of organs that work together form organ systemsorgan systemsAll organs are made of the four basic tissue types. All organs are made of the four basic tissue types. http://mindquest.net/biology/histology/index.htmlEpithelial tissueEpithelial tissue functions to protect surfaces (e.g. skin), secrete material (e.g. glands), or absorb material (e.g. intestine). {& left: kidney tubules reabsorb solutes}Connective tissueConnective tissue connects body parts, holding the body together. There are many subtypes of connective tissue, including bone, cartilage, ligaments & tendons, adipose (fat) tissue, areolar (loose irregular) connective tissue, and blood (connective tissue because it derives from bone marrow). Nerve cellsNerve cells, (ch 48) known as neurons, are specialized for conducting electrical signals in the body.Muscle cellsMuscle cells (ch 49) have the ability to contract/shorten. This allows muscle tissue to function for providing movement … There are three subtypes of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac (heart) muscle.{we’ll look at muscles and nerves later}Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue … lines internal & external body surfaces …… the mouth, esophagus, uterus and vagina, ducts of the pancreas and liver, blood vessels (where it is called endothelium), urethra and ureters, tubules of the kidney, air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, and many other sites. Epithelial tissueEpithelial tissue functions to protectprotect surfaces (eg skin), secretesecrete material (eg glands), absorbabsorb material (eg intestine). http://mindquest.net/biology/histology/epithelial-tissue.htmlEpithelial tissue is classified according to (1) the shapeshape of the outermost cell layer squamous [flat], cuboidal, columnar, or transitional, (2) whether or not the tissue is one layer thicklayer thick (simple epithelium) or multiple layers (stratified epithelium), and (3) whether or not the cells are ciliatedciliated or secretesecrete …http://mindquest.net/biology/histology/epithelial-tissue.html… basement membranebasement membrane … A thin sheet of collagen … made up of glycosaminoglycan (mucopolysaccharide) and fibrous material. In some tissues, such as the kidney lung, the basement membrane acts as a filter. http://www.mc.vanderbilt.edu/histo/BasicTissue/Epith.Definition.htmlCharacterisitics of epithelial cellsepithelial cells:They are contiguous (i.e., the cells are attached to one another w/ tight junctions). Epithelia are avascular … blood vessels do not penetrate up between these cells … Unlike muscle and connective tissue, they can be derived from any of the three embryologic germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm, ectodermendoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm). A major cytoskeletal component of epithelial tissue is the filament called keratinkeratin{ the main component of: mammal hair, reptile scales, (though not fish scales), bird feathers, claws (including nails and hooves), horn (but not antlers), baleens (the sieve-like structures with which whales filter food out of water), & the enamel of the teeth }.… rest on an extracellular matrix which they produce … the basement membrane. Fig 7.30Glandular epithelia, absorb or secrete chemical solutions. Glandular epithelia, absorb or secrete chemical solutions. EndocrineEndocrine glandular epithelia secrete hormones into the blood (Ch. 45)The exocrineexocrine glandular epithelia that line the lumen (cavity) of the digestive and respiratory tracts form a mucous membrane; they secrete a slimy solution called mucus that lubricates the surface and keeps it moist. The epithelium of our respiratory tract has beating cilia The epithelium of our respiratory tract has beating cilia that move the film of mucus along the surface: helps keep our lungs clean by trapping dust and other particles and sweeping them back up the trachea (windpipe).cellThe lipid component of the milk is released by apocrine secretion, in an envelope of plasma membrane. The protein component of the mile is released by merocrine secretion. http://courseweb.edteched.uottawa.ca/medicine-histology/English/Reproduction/Mammary/Mammary_repro.htmIn the inactive mammary glandmammary gland, the glandular elements consist only of ducts: lined by cuboidal or columnar epithelium for most of their length, by two layers of cuboidal cells in the lactiferous sinus, and, near their opening, by stratified squamous epithelium. Dramatic changes in the mammary gland occur during pregnancyduring pregnancy. Ducts proliferate and secretory


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MSU LBS 148 - AN INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION

Course: Lbs 148-
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