111Police ProcessPolice ProcessDaeDae--Hoon KwakHoon KwakMichigan State UniversityMichigan State UniversityCJ 335CJ 335Summer 2006Summer 20066/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006Lecture 17Lecture 17The Future of Policing in America22Outline for the lectureOutline for the lecture6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Discuss the five trends in policing including Discuss the five trends in policing including --Police technologyPolice technology--Employment trends in LEEmployment trends in LE--Police ResearchPolice Research--Demographic ChangeDemographic Change--The War on Terrorism The War on Terrorism ••ConclusionConclusion33Future of PolicingFuture of Policing6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• What’s on the Horizon- Enhanced technology- Increasing computer crimes- Increase of terrorist attack by domestic/international- Increasing environmental crime- Growing biotech research/bioterrorism- Increasing racial conflicts- College students behaviors: student activism will increase on college campuses- The aging of America will continue as the dominant “Baby Boomers” pass through middle age44Police TechnologyPolice Technology6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Major Technology Applications- Database technology: allows dept.s to store and retrieve large amounts of information obtained from a variety of sources- Computer Aided Dispatch (CAD): can effectively and efficiently manage calls for service- Records Management Systems (RMS): reduces one of the more time consuming activities of PDs- Mobile Computing: allows the officers from their vehicles to access CAD and RMS at traffic stops and crime scene the information stored in DB55Police Technology & Crime AnalysisPolice Technology & Crime Analysis6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Major Technology Applications (cont.)- Officers check suspects, vehicles, and input data from their terminals into the system the field through wireless communication• Crime Analysis--CA allows dept.s to make decisions based on evidence CA allows dept.s to make decisions based on evidence rather than on guessworkrather than on guessworka. Gathering the data that comes to the policea. Gathering the data that comes to the policeb. Analyzing the data to determine patterns and trends in b. Analyzing the data to determine patterns and trends in crimecrimec. Present the identified pattern to the appropriate c. Present the identified pattern to the appropriate personnelpersonnel66Crime Analysis (cont.)Crime Analysis (cont.)6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Crime Analysis (cont.)--Type of CAType of CAa. Tactical Analysis: specific problems in a particular a. Tactical Analysis: specific problems in a particular geographic areageographic areab. Strategic Analysis: focusing on longb. Strategic Analysis: focusing on long--term crime trendsterm crime trendsc. Admin. Analysis: focusing on summary statistics and c. Admin. Analysis: focusing on summary statistics and data for police managers (e.g. COMPSTAT)data for police managers (e.g. COMPSTAT)--Functions of CAFunctions of CAa. Collection, analysis, dissemination of crime related dataa. Collection, analysis, dissemination of crime related datab. Support patrol officersb. Support patrol officersc. Assist investigatorsc. Assist investigators277The Outlook for Police EmploymentThe Outlook for Police Employment6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• A Career in LE- Increasing demand, salaries• Opportunity in Local, County, and State LE- Average salary ranged from $40,000 to $57,000 in 2000- Some of the most overlooked careers in policing are jobs held by civilians- There are also a number of state agencies that are granted police powers to perform various regulatory functions (e.g., Dept. of Parks and Recreation, Dept. of Business Taxes…)88The Outlook for Police Emp. (cont.)The Outlook for Police Emp. (cont.)6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Opportunity in Federal LE- More opportunities since the creation of the Dept. of Homeland Security - Salaries are determined by the General Schedule (GS) pay system comprised of 15 grades each grade with a salary range of 10 steps- FBI, begin with a salary of about $46,000 a year - $71,000vs. Supervisors/managers (between $85,000 and $100,000) vs. Supervisors/managers (between $85,000 and $100,000) + medical coverage, life insurance+ medical coverage, life insurance99The Future of Police ResearchThe Future of Police Research6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Police Research- Research that seeks to develop knowledge that is directly useful to practitioners--The research revolution since the 1960s is the product of a The research revolution since the 1960s is the product of a large investment of funds in scientific research (funding large investment of funds in scientific research (funding comes from federal gov. or private foundations)comes from federal gov. or private foundations)--Whether the research has done any good for the body of Whether the research has done any good for the body of knowledgeknowledgea. Many positive changes have been made in recent a. Many positive changes have been made in recent history in policing (e.g., CP)history in policing (e.g., CP)1010The Future of Police Research (cont.)The Future of Police Research (cont.)6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Why Org.s should consider using Academic Research?-Academic research provides information that org.s cannot Academic research provides information that org.s cannot generally generate themselves (e.g., a policy on whether generally generate themselves (e.g., a policy on whether education reduces force usage?)education reduces force usage?)--Generally objective, no political motive although not alwaysGenerally objective, no political motive although not always••Demographic ChangeDemographic Change--The growth of the Hispanic pop., poses a challenge PCRThe growth of the Hispanic pop., poses a challenge PCR--The history of American policing is filled with conflict The history of American policing is filled with conflict between police and racial/ethnic minoritiesbetween police and racial/ethnic minorities1111Impact of the War on TerrorismImpact of the War on Terrorism6/28/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Role ExpansionRole Expansion--All levels of government are increasingly concerned about All levels of government are increasingly concerned about possible terrorist attacks:possible terrorist attacks:a. Investigating suspected terroristsa. Investigating suspected terroristsb. Preparing for and responding to specific terrorists actsb. Preparing for