Skeletal System: Articulations(Chapter 9)Lecture MaterialsforAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.Suffolk County Community CollegeEastern CampusPrimary Sources for figures and content:Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson BenjaminCummings, 2004.Martini, F. H. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: PearsonBenjamin Cummings, 2004.Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.1SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture SlidesArticulation = joint; site where two or morebones meet-function: connect bones together but providemobility in skeletonAnatomical/Structural Classification of Joints:(based on connecting material)1. Fibrous: bones joined by fibrous CT with no space2. Cartilaginous: bones joined by pad or bridge of cartilage3. Synovial: bones separated by fluid-filled cavity, surrounded by CTPhysiological/Functional Classification of Joints: (based on amount of movement)1. Synarthrosis: immovable joint(fibrous or cartilaginous)2. Amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable joint (fibrous or cartilaginous)3. Diarthrosis: freely moveable joint(always synovial)Increased mobility = decreased stabilityAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.2SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture SlidesSynarthroses: immovable, strength1. Synostosis: fused bones2. Suture: interlocked bones, sealed withdense CT3. Gomphosis: tooth in alveolar socket, heldby peridontal ligament4. Synchrondrosis: hyaline cartilage bridge between bonesAmphiarthroses: slightly moveable, strengthwith some mobility1. Syndesmosis: bones connected by ligamentligament = band of dense regular CT2. Symphysis: bones separated by pad offibrocartilageAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.3SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture SlidesDiarthroses = Synovial Joint: great mobility,less strength and stabilityFeatures (on handout)Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.4SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture SlidesJoint InjuriesSprain - damage to ligament, some collagentorn, slow to healBursitis - inflammation of a bursa due totrauma, infection, or repetitive motion*synovial joints stabilized by articular capsuleand accessory structures to restrict mobility: ↑mobility = ↓stability = ↑chance of dislocationLuxation = dislocation; joint displacement,usually damages cartilage, ligaments,and capsule, pain receptors in all CT of thejoint, except articular cartilage, to prevent actionsSubluxation = partial dislocation;displacement beyond usual anatomicallimitation, “double jointed”Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.5SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture SlidesMovements at synovial joints1. Linear movements - Gliding: slight movement in any direction2. Angular movements: one plane of motion - Flexion: reduce angle in frontal plane - Extension: increase angle in frontal plane - Hyperextension: extension pastanatomical position - Abduction: move away from longitudinalaxis in sagittal plane - Adduction: move toward longitudinal axisin sagittal plane - Circumduction: move in loop withoutrotation3. Rotational movements: turn on axis - medial rotation: turn in toward body - lateral rotation: turn out away from bodyAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.6SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture SlidesSpecial and Specific Motion:- Inversion: turn sole inward- Eversion: turn sole outward- Dorsiflexion: lift toes- Plantar flexion: lift heal- Opposition: thumb across palm- Pronation: medial rotation of radius- Supination: lateral rotation of radius- Protraction: move anterior- Retraction: move posterior- Elevation: move superior- Depression: move inferiorRanges of Motion1. Monaxial: movement in 1 plane2. Biaxial: movement in 2 planes3. Triaxial: movement in 3 planes4. Multiaxial: gliding joints, all directionsAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.7SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture SlidesTypes of Synovial Joints (handout)1. Gliding/Plane Joint: flat surfaces, slide inany direction2. Hinge Joint: cylindrical projection intrough-shaped surface3. Pivot Joint: round projection in ring shapeddepressionAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.8SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture Slides4. Ellipsoidal joint: oval facet in ovaldepression5. Saddle joint: concave surface into convexsurface6. Ball and socket joint: spherical head intocup-like socketAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.9SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture SlidesAge Related Changes:Rheumatism = pain and stiffness of skeletalsystemArthritis = rheumatism of synovial joints,caused by damage to articular cartilage- osteoarthritis = age 60+, cumulative wearand tear erodes cartilage- rheumatoid arthritis = autoimmune attack,chronic inflammation and damage tojointAnkylosis = ossification of the joint dueto untreated RA- gouty arthritis = crystals of uric acid fromnucleic acid metabolism form insynovial fluid, damage cartilageAmy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.10SCCC BIO130 Chapter 9 Lecture
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