PSY402 Theories of LearningExtinctionWhat Influences Extinction?Total Duration Matters MostResistance to ExtinctionSpontaneous RecoveryConditioned InhibitionOther Kinds of InhibitionLatent InhibitionDisinhibitionHigher-Order ConditioningHigher Order ConditioningSensory PreconditioningSlide 14Vicarious ConditioningPSY402Theories of LearningChapter 4 (Cont.)Indirect ConditioningApplications of ConditioningExtinctionExtinction – a method for eliminating a conditioned response.Extinction paradigm:Present the CS alone (without the UCS).With repeated exposure to the CS, it stops being a predictor of the UCS and the CR decreases and eventually stops.What Influences Extinction?The total duration of exposure to the CS alone, not the number of trials, determines how fast the CR is extinguished.Shipley measured effects of tone-shock pairing on water licking.Suppression ratio for licking behavior100 sec or 25 sec exposures to CS alone.Total Duration Matters MostResistance to ExtinctionUCS followed CS on 50% of the learning trialsSpontaneous RecoveryPavlov – extinction is caused by inhibition of the CR.Spontaneous recovery occurs when inhibition is temporarily removed.Continued experience of the CS without the UCS results in long-term suppression of the CR.Conditioned InhibitionCS+ the original CSCS- a new CS similar to CS+Presentation of CS- without the UCS inhibits the CR.The idea is that CS- becomes associated with the absence of the UCS – it becomes an “all clear” cue.CS+ is associated with presence of the UCS.Other Kinds of InhibitionExternal inhibition – presence of a novel cue during conditioning inhibits the CR.Latent inhibition (learned irrelevance) – not really inhibition.Preexposure to the CS (without the UCS) inhibits later conditioning (+ or -)Inhibition of Delay – the CR is withheld until an appropriate time.Latent InhibitionThe more experience (acquisition trials), the closer the CR occurs to the onset of the UCSDisinhibitionDisinhibition – removal of inhibition.The CR increases in strength.Presentation of a novel stimulus during extinction interrupts it.Example: Kimmel – disinhibition of inhibition of delay occurred with a novel stimulus.CR was withheld 4.0 secs but 2.3 secs with a novel stimulusHigher-Order ConditioningA new stimulus (CS2) acquires the ability to produce a CR because it is paired with another CS (CS1).The CR to CS2 is weaker than to CS1 – 50% as strong.Higher-order conditioning is difficult to accomplish because conditioned inhibition also arises.More pairings result in inhibition.Higher Order ConditioningTwo CS’s pairedSensory PreconditioningWhen two stimuli are associated with each other, if one becomes a CS, the other will become a CS too.Dog and neighbor example.To get the strongest CR:Timing is important – first CS must precede second CS.Only a few CS-CS pairings to prevent learned irrelevance.Sensory PreconditioningTwo CS’s pairedVicarious ConditioningBerger – people hearing a tone and watching another person be shocked acquired a fear response.Watching another person fail at a task can induce a stress response.Monkeys can acquire vicarious fear responses to objects or snakes.Arousal is needed for
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