Chapter 6 Terms & ConceptsUnderlined terms: definitions borrowed from the APA Glossary of Psychological termsBoldface terms: from the glossary of terms in the assigned text acquisition: The stage in a classical conditioning experiment during which the conditioned response is first elicited by the conditioned stimulusbiofeedback: A self-regulatory technique by which an individual acquires voluntary control over non-conscious biological processesbiological preparedness: the built-in (innate) readiness to form associations between certain stimuli and responsesclassical conditioning: learning through involuntarily paired associations; it occurs when a neutral stimulus (NS) becomes paired (associated) with an unconditioned stimulus (US) to elicit a conditioned response (CR). (Also known as Pavlovian conditioning.)cognitive map: A mental representation of physical spacecognitive-social learning theory: a perspective that emphasizes the roles of thinking and social learning in behaviorconditioned response (CR): a learned reaction to a previously neutral stimulusconditioned stimulus (CS): a learned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response as a result of repeated pairings with an unconditioned stimulusconditioning: The ways in which events, stimuli, and behavior become associated with one another1continuous reinforcement: according to Skinner, reinforcing a desired response every time it occursextinction: In conditioning, the weakening of a conditioned association in the absence of a reinforcer or unconditioned stimulusfixed interval (FI) schedule: A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed period of timefixed ratio (FR) schedule: A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a fixed number of responseshigher-order conditioning: pairing of a second conditioned stimulus to exhibit the same conditioned responseinsight: the sudden understanding of a problem that implies the solutioninsight learning: being able to solve problems as a result of insightinstinctive drift: the tendency of some conditioned responses (CR) to shift (or drift) back toward an innate response patternlatent learning: hidden learning that exists without behavioral signslaw of effect: Thorndike’s rule that the probability of an action being repeated is strengthened when followed by a pleasant or satisfying consequencelearning: the relatively permanent change in behavior or mental processes caused by experience2mirror neurons: parts of the brain believed to be responsible for human empathy and imitation which “mirror” in ourselves what is happening to those around usnegative punishment: A behavior is followed by the removal of an appetitive stimulus, decreasing the probability of that behaviornegative reinforcement: A behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, increasing the probability of that behaviorneutral stimulus (NS): an unlearned stimulus that does not elicit a responseobservational learning: learning a new behavior or information by watching others (also known as social learning or modeling)operant: Behavior emitted by an organism that can be characterized in terms of the observable effects it has on the environmentoperant conditioning: learning through voluntary responses and its consequences (also known as instrumental or Skinnerian conditioning)partial (or intermittent) schedule of reinforcement: reinforcing some responses, but not allpositive punishment: A behavior is followed by the presentation of an aversive stimulus, decreasing the probability of that behaviorpositive reinforcement: A behavior is followed by the presentation of an appetitive stimulus, increasing the probability of that behavior3Premack principle: using naturally occurring, high-frequency (desirable) responses to reinforce and increase low-frequency (undesirable) responsesprimary reinforcer: Biologically (intrinsically) determined reinforcers such as food and waterpunishment: a consequence that weakens a response and makes it less likely to recurreinforcement: a consequence that strengthens a response and makes it more likely to recurschedule of reinforcement: In operant conditioning, the patterns of delivering and withholding reinforcementsecondary reinforcer: extrinsically determined reinforcers such as money, praise, or attentionshaping: reinforcement by a series of successively improved steps leading to desired responsespontaneous recovery: The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.stimulus discrimination: A conditioning process in which an organism learns to respond differently to stimuli that differ from the conditioned stimulus on some dimensionstimulus generalization: The automatic extension of conditioned responding to similar stimuli that have never been paired with the unconditioned stimulustaste aversion (learning): A biological constraint on learning in which an organism learns in one trial to avoid a food whose ingestion is followed by illness4unconditioned response (UR): an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus (e.g. salivation)unconditioned stimulus (US): an unlearned stimulus that naturally and automatically elicits an unconditioned response (e.g. food)variable interval (VI) schedule: A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable period of time whose average is predeterminedvariable ratio (VR) schedule: A schedule of reinforcement in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response made after a variable number of responses whose average is