PHL 344 Ethical Issues in Health CareCourse ObjectivesSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8General Question for the Course:Respect for PersonsSlide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15PHL 344Ethical Issues in Health CareFall 2000Section 4Howard BrodyCourse ObjectivesLearn the types of questions considered to be important and prevalent ethical issues in health care in the U.S. today.Course ObjectivesWhen presented with a paper or article presenting a stand and making an argument on an ethical issue:–Be able to explain exactly what position the author is taking and why.–Be able to explain whether or not you agree with the position taken and why.Course ObjectivesFor each of the questions surveyed in the course:–Be able to give common arguments for and against the most common ethical positions.–Be able to state your own position on that question.–Be able to defend your preferred position against reasonable criticisms from others who do not share it.Course ObjectivesGain experience in discussing ethical issues in health care with others with diverse perspectives and backgrounds.Course ObjectivesLearn how to discuss disagreements without indicating disrespect for other people.Learn how to learn from people who disagree with you about ethical issues.Learn how discussing disagreements can sharpen your appreciation and understanding of your own ethical stance.Course ObjectivesLearn how to explore ethical disagreements to see whether common ground lurks under apparently irreconcilable conflicts of value.Become familiar with the most commonly used ethical theories and approaches for understanding the nature of ethical questions and improving ethical reasoning.Course ObjectivesUnderstand how ethical questions surface at various levels ranging from interpersonal relationships to broad questions of public policy.Distinguish ethical aspects of the formulation of health policy from the economic and political aspects.General Question for the Course:What might it mean to demonstrate respect for persons in any or all aspects of health care?Respect for PersonsGolden Rule-- treat others as you would wish to be treatedReligious concepts: equality as divine creationAutonomy: each deserves respect as potential chooser of own destinyRespect for PersonsThe Patient as Person (Ramsey, 1970)“The gall bladder in 619”“The doctor will see you now, George”Feminism and the problem of the benevolent oppressor: oppression invisible to those in power“Standpoint” ethicsRespect for PersonsRespect for persons in ethical dialogueCan I respect someone whose ideas I disagree with? (Whose ideas I find evil?)Can I form a compromise position on an ethical question without compromising my integrity? (Self-respect)Respect for PersonsReligious differencesCultural differences“Mere” toleranceLearning from other cultures and belief systemsRespect for PersonsPhilosophical questions underlying health care ethical issuesWhat is a person?Problematic cases–Death, brain criteria–Persistent vegetative state–FetusRespect for PersonsEthical guide to policyRespect for persons as individualsRespect for persons as members of communityHow compares to economics and