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Columbia COMS W4706 - Dialogue Acts and Information State

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4/25/2011 1Dialogue Acts and Information StateJulia HirschbergCS 47064/25/2011 2Information-State and Dialogue Acts• If we want a dialogue system to be more than just form-filling, it• Needs to:– Decide when user has asked a question, made a proposal, rejected a suggestion– Ground user’s utterance, ask clarification questions, suggestion plans• Good conversational agents need sophisticated models of interpretation and generation –beyond slot filling4/25/2011 3Information-State Architecture• Information state representation• Dialogue act interpreter• Dialogue act generator• Set of update rules– Update dialogue state as acts are interpreted– Generate dialogue acts• Control structure to select which update rules to apply4/25/2011 4Information-state4/25/2011 5Dialogue acts• AKA conversational moves• Actions with (internal) structure related specifically to their dialogue function• Incorporates ideas of grounding with other dialogue and conversational functions not mentioned in classic Speech Act Theory4/25/2011 6Speech Act Theory: Reminder• John Searle Speech Acts ‘69– Locutionary acts: semantic meaning/surface form– Illocutionary acts: request, promise, statement, threat, question– Perlocutionary acts: Effect intended to be produced on Hearer: regret, fear, hope4/25/2011 7What Kind of Speech Acts do we need for a Real Task: Verbmobil• Two-party scheduling dialogues• Speakers were asked to plan a meeting at some future date• Data used to design conversational agents which would help with this task•Issues:– Cross-language– Machine translation– Scheduling assistant4/25/2011 8Verbmobil Dialogue ActsTHANK thanksGREET Hello DanINTRODUCE It’s me againBYE Allright, byeREQUEST-COMMENT How does that look?SUGGEST June 13th through 17thREJECT No, Friday I’m booked all dayACCEPT Saturday sounds fineREQUEST-SUGGEST What is a good day of the week for you?INIT I wanted to make an appointment with youGIVE_REASON Because I have meetings all afternoonFEEDBACK OkayDELIBERATE Let me check my calendar hereCONFIRM Okay, that would be wonderfulCLARIFY Okay, do you mean Tuesday the 23rd?4/25/2011 9Automatic Interpretation of Dialogue Acts• How do we automatically identify dialogue acts?• Given an utterance:– Decide whether it is a QUESTION, STATEMENT, SUGGEST, or ACKNOWLEDGMENT• Recognizing illocutionary force will be crucial to building a dialogue agent• Perhaps we can just look at the form of the utterance to decide?4/25/2011 10Can we just use the surface syntactic form?• YES-NO-Qs have auxiliary-before-subject syntax:– Will breakfast be served on USAir 1557?• STATEMENTs have declarative syntax:– I don’t care about lunch• COMMANDs have imperative syntax:– Show me flights from Milwaukee to Orlando on Thursday night4/25/2011 11Surface Form != Speech Act TypeLocutionaryForceIllocutionaryForceCan I have the rest of your sandwich?Question RequestI want the rest of your sandwichDeclarative RequestGive me your sandwich!Imperative Request4/25/2011 12Dialogue act disambiguation is hard! Who’s on First?Abbott: Well, Costello, I'm going to New York with you. Bucky Harris the Yankee's manager gave me a job as coach for as long as you're on the team. Costello: Look Abbott, if you're the coach, you must know all the players. Abbott: I certainly do. Costello: Well you know I've never met the guys. So you'll have to tell me their names, andthen I'll know who's playing on the team. Abbott: Oh, I'll tell you their names, but you know it seems to me they give these ball players now-a-days very peculiar names. Costello: You mean funny names? Abbott: Strange names, pet names...like Dizzy Dean... Costello: His brother Daffy Abbott: Daffy Dean... Costello: And their French cousin. Abbott: French? Costello: Goofe' Abbott: Goofe' Dean.Well, let's see, we have on the bags, Who's on first, What's on second, I Don't Know is on third... Costello: That's what I want to find out. Abbott: I say Who's on first, What's on second, I Don't Know's on third….4/25/2011 13Dialogue act ambiguity• Who’s on first– INFO-REQUEST–or–STATEMENT4/25/2011 14Dialogue Act ambiguity• Can you give me a list of the flights from Atlanta to Boston?– Looks like an INFO-REQUEST.– If so, answer is:• YES.– But really it’s a DIRECTIVE or REQUEST, a polite form of:– Please give me a list of the flights…• What looks like a QUESTION can be a REQUEST4/25/2011 15Dialogue Act Ambiguity• What looks like a STATEMENT can be a QUESTION:Us OPEN-OPTIONI was wanting to make some arrangements for a trip that I’m going to be taking uh to LA uh beginning of the week after nextAg HOLD OK uh let me pull up your profile and I’ll be right with you here. [pause]Ag CHECK And you said you wanted to travel next week?Us ACCEPT Uh yes.4/25/2011 16Indirect Speech Acts• Utterances which use a surface statement to ask a question– And you want to….• Utterances which use a surface question to issue a request– Can you get me…4/25/2011 17DA Interpretation as Statistical Classification• Lots of clues in each sentence that can tell us which DA it is:– Words and Collocations:•Pleaseor would you: good cue for REQUEST•Are you: good cue for INFO-REQUEST–Prosody:• Rising pitch is a good cue for INFO-REQUEST• Loudness/stress can help distinguish yeah/AGREEMENT from yeah/BACKCHANNEL– Conversational Structure•Yeahfollowing a proposal is probably AGREEMENT; yeahfollowing an INFORM probably a BACKCHANNELDisambiguating Ambiguous DAs Intonationally• Nickerson & Chu-Carroll ’99: Can info-requests be disambiguated reliably from action-requests?• Modal (Can/would/would..willing) questions– Can you move the piano?– Would you move the piano?– Would you be willing to move the piano?Experiments• Production studies: – Subjects read ambiguous questions in disambiguating contexts– Control for given/new and contrastiveness– Polite/neutral/impolite•Problems:– Cells imbalanced– No pretesting– No distractors– Same speaker reads both contextsResults• Indirect requests (e.g. for action)– If L%, more likely (73%) to be indirect– If H%,46% were indirect: differences in height of boundary tone?– Politeness: can differs in impolite (higher rise) vs. neutral– Speaker variability4/25/2011 21Statistical Classifier Model of DA Interpretation• Goal: decide for each sentence what DA it is•Classification task: 1-of-N classification


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