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CU-Boulder GEOG 5093 - Lecture Notes

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GEOG/GEOL 4093 Remote Sensing of the Environment Lecture 12 Outline of today’s lecture • Review • Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) • ERS-1 ATSR •The Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) •NIMBUS CZCS •Sea-Viewing Wide Field of View (SeaWiFS) • GOES Weather satellitesLaunch: Sep 24, 1999 Orbit : 681 km Sun-synchronous Equatorial crossing : 10 -11 am Revisit capability: <3 day SISEA : SPACE IMAGING SOUTHEAST ASIA IKONOS Orbit PathLaunch Information Date: September 6, 2008 Launch Vehicle: Delta II Launch Site: Vandenberg Air Force Base, California Orbit Altitude: 681 kilometers Type: Sun synchronous, 10:30 am Period: 98 minutes Sensor Bands Panchromatic: 450 - 800 nm Multispectral: Blue: 450 - 510 nm Green: 510 - 580 nm Red: 655 - 690 nm Near Infra Red: 780 - 920 nm Sensor Resolution Panchromatic: 41cm at nadir Multispectral: 1.65 m at nadir Dynamic Range 11-bits Swath Width 15.2 kilometers at nadir GeoEye-1GeoEye's next satellite, GeoEye-2, is in a phased development process for an advanced, third-generation satellite capable of discerning objects on the Earth's surface as small as 0.25-meter (9.75 inch) in size.(Expected to launch in late 2012) GeoEye-2Quickbird, WorldView-1, WorldView-2&3DigitalGlobeGeoEye Imagery CollectionThe algorithm applies an automatic image fusion that increases the resolution of multispectral (color) image data by using a high-resolution panchromatic (B&W) image. Most Earth resource satellites, such as SPOT, IRS, Landsat 7, IKONOS, GeoEye, Quickbird and WorldView1&2, provide multispectral images at a lower spatial resolution and panchromatic images at a higher spatial resolution. This allows you to easily fuse images acquired simultaneously by the same sensor. Alternatively, you can fuse images from different sensors. Data Fusion/Pan Sharpening Adapted from PCI Geomatics, 2007Image pan-sharpening with QuickBird images DigitalGlobe Data Fusion/Pan SharpeningDefense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) • The Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) provides global visible and infrared cloud data and other specialized meteorological, oceanographic and solar-geophysical data in support of worldwide Department of Defense (DoD) operations. • Program 1966 – presentDMSP/OLSEffect of scan angle on pixel sizeNOAA/AVHRR System Parameter (applications) DMSP/OLS 1.1 km LAC 4.0 km GAC (degraded at edges) good good Spatial resolution (sea ice leads) (meteorology 0.55 km “fine” 2.7 km “smooth” (const. across swath) 5 narrow channels Ch1: 0.55-0.68 μm Ch2: .725-1.0 μm Ch3; 3.55-3.93 μm Ch4: 10.30-11.30 μm Ch5: 11.50-12.50 μm Good Good Spectral resolution (sea surface temp.) (vegetation index) 2 broad-band channels VIS: 0.4-1.1 μm IR: 10.5-12.5 μm (Marginal) n/a IR yes (10 bit) VIS no (pre-launch, drifts) Absolute calibration IR Yes (8 bit) VIS no (continued gain adjustment) No N/A Developmental N/A Visible band dynamic range/nighttime ops (auroral characteristics) (biomass burning) NESDIS NASA Moonlit clouds/snow Yes Yes Added potential with unique vis. Band Good No N/A N/A Coincident with passive microwave (snow/ice, rain rate) (Sfc. Wind/soil moisture) Yes Good Good AVHRR/DMSP Comparisonhttp://spaceweather.comDMSPwww.nasm.si.edu DMSPRGB Composite of Nighttime Lights Change, 2003 = Red, 1998 = Green, 1992 = Blue, Nighttime Lights of India, 1km resolution. http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/dmsp/interest/india.html DMSPERS-1 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR)Application of the along track scanning technique is the ATSR instrument's most innovative development. This works by making two observations of the same point on the Earth's surface through differing amounts of atmosphere; the "along track" view passes through a longer atmospheric path and so is more affected by the atmosphere than the nadir view. First, the ATSR views the surface along the direction of the orbit track at an incidence angle it flies toward the scene. Then, some 150s later, ATSR records a second observation of the scene at an angle close to the nadir. By combining the data from these two views a direct measurement of the effect of the atmosphere is obtained, which yields an atmospheric correction for the surface data set which is an improvement on that obtained from a single measurement. ERS-1 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) Source : esaERS-1 Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) 900 km 500 km 1 km 47 o NadirFeature Wavelength Bandwidth ATSR-1 ATSR-2 Chlorophyll 0.55µm 20µm N Y Vegetation Index 0.67µm 20µm N Y Vegetation Index 0.87µm 20µm N Y Cloud Clearing 1.6µm 0.3µm Y Y SST retrieval 3.7µm 0.3µm Y Y SST retrieval 10.8µm 1.0µm Y Y SST retrieval 12.0µm 1.0µm Y Y ATSR-1 and ATSR-2 Spectral Channels Source : esaInstrument: ATSR Date of Acquisition: 9 May 1992 Orbit direction: Ascending Instrument features: 1-km resolution In this image, the coldest areas - which include all the land - are shown in purple and blue, whilst yellow and orange are used to represent successively warmer temperatures over a total range of 280-295K. The three blue-purple islands in the top half of the image are the Baleares, (from left) Ibiza, Mallorca and Menorca; the land at the bottom of the picture is the north coast of Algeria. Source: http://earth.esa.int/showcase/ers1/Baleares_ATSR_NA_Orbit_4268_19920509.htm ATSR: ApplicationsThe Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) HCMM used a two channel radiometer: one channel detected visible to near- IR radiation, 0.5 to 1.1 µm, and the second detected emitted thermal IR, 10.5-12.5 µm interval. Characteristics Orbit Type Sun Synchronous at 705 km Equator Crossing about 2:00 P.M. Swath Width 715 km (445 mi) Spatial Resolution 500 m for the visible channel 600 m for the thermal Revisit Time < 1 dayNIMBUS CZCSNimbus CZCS The color of the world's ocean is determined primarily by the abundance of phytoplankton and their associated photosynthetic pigments. As the concentration of phytoplankton pigments increases, ocean color shifts from blue to green. Ocean color may thus be used to derive estimates of plankton abundance and primary productivity.Nimbus CZCS Combined with AVHRR Vegetation IndexImportant seasonal changes are evident in CZCS data. Here, monsoonal variations in the Indian Ocean give rise to seasonal changes in phytoplankton concentrations. Following a


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CU-Boulder GEOG 5093 - Lecture Notes

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