Slide 1MatterStates of MatterClassification of MatterPure Substances and MixturesElementsEssential Elements Of LifeSlide 8Periodic ChartAtomsSubatomic ParticlesAtomic Number And Atomic MassSlide 13OrbitalsElectron Shell SignificanceChemical Bonding and MoleculesKinetic Theory Of MatterEnergyForms Of EnergyTemperature, Pressure, And VolumeChemical ReactionsChemical EquationsReading Chemical EquationsSlide 24Types Of Chemical ReactionsCombination (Synthesis) ReactionsDecomposition ReactionsExchange ReactionsReversible ReactionsChemical ProductsIonic BondsIons And Ionic CompoundsIonic CompoundsCovalent BondsSlide 35Slide 36Slide 37ElectronegativityPolar Covalent BondThe Structure Of WaterHydrogen BondsSlide 42Weak Chemical BondsBiological Importance Of WaterPolarity & Hydrogen BondsWater As A SolventFormula and Molecular WeightsThe MoleVisualizing The Mole ConceptSolution CompositionConcentration of SolutionsExampleConcentrations Of SolutionsGeneral Properties Of Aqueous Solutions (Terms)Acids, Bases, And pHSlide 56Slide 57Slide 58Slide 59Strong And Weak AcidspHpH ScaleBuffersBicarbonate Buffer SystemChemistryMatter•Organisms are composed of matter•Matter is anything that takes up space and has mass•Matter is composed of chemical elements•Matter is found on the Earth in three physical states–Solid –Liquid –GasStates of Matter•Gases take the shape and volume of their container and can be compressed to form liquids.•Liquids take the shape of their container, but they do have their own volume•Solids are rigid and have a definite shape and volume.Classification of Matter•Element: a substance composed of only one type of atom (all the atoms have the same number of protons). •Molecule: a unit composed of two or more atoms joined together by chemical bonds •Compound: a substance composed of 2 or more elements that have been joined by chemical bonds•Mixture: a combination of 2 or more substances that do NOT chemically bond e.g. sugar mixed with saltSodium Chlorine Sodium chloridePure Substances and MixturesElements•If a pure substance cannot be decomposed into something else, then the substance is an element•There are 114 elements known, 92 naturally occurring•Each element is given a unique chemical symbol (one or two letters)Periodic TableEssential Elements Of Life•Only about 25 of the elements are essential to life•Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up 96% of living matter•Most of the remaining 4% consists of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur•Trace elements are those required by an organism in minute quantitiesEssential Elements Of LifePeriodic ChartAtoms•Each element consists of one kind of unique atom •An atom is the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element, it cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactionsSubatomic Particles•Atoms are composed of subatomic particles•Relevant subatomic particles include:–Neutrons (no electrical charge)–Protons (positive charge)–Electrons (negative charge)•Neutrons and protons form the atomic nucleus•Electrons form a cloud around the nucleusNucleusCloud of negativecharge (2 electrons)(a)(b)2 Protons2Neutrons2ElectronsAtomic Number And Atomic Mass•Atoms of the various elements differ in number of subatomic particles•An element’s atomic number is the number of protons•The number of protons (atomic number) determines the element’s properties•An element’s mass number is the sum of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus •Atomic mass, the atom’s total mass, can be approximated by the mass numberAtomic numberElement symbolMass numberPeriodic ChartOrbitals•Electrons orbit the nucleus of an atom in specific electron shells•Each Orbital holds a maximum of 2 electrons each •Several orbitals may be the same distance from the nucleus and thus contain electrons of the same energy. Such electrons are said to occupy the same energy level or shell.•Rule of Eights for filling each shell: ElectronFirst electron shell(can hold 2 electrons)Outermost electron shell(can hold 8 electrons)Carbon (C)Atomic number = 6Nitrogen (N)Atomic number = 7Oxygen (O)Atomic number = 8Hydrogen (H)Atomic number = 1Electron Shell Significance•Electrons determine how an atom behaves when it encounters other atoms•Outer orbital (valence shell) determines reactivity of atom - Electronegativity•Atoms “desire” full outer orbitals–Give up electrons (Na)–Take electrons (Cl)–Share electrons (O2)•Noble gases - full outer shells (inert)•Chemical reactions enable atoms to give up or acquire electrons in order to complete their outer shells–These interactions usually result in atoms staying close together–The atoms are held together by chemical bondsChemical Bonding and MoleculesKinetic Theory Of Matter•All atoms and molecules are in constant random motion. (Energy of motion is called kinetic energy.)•The higher the temperature, the faster the atoms and molecules move.•All motion theoretically stops at absolute zero.Energy•Energy is the capacity to do work or ability to cause change. Any change in the universe requires energy. Energy comes in 2 forms:–Potential energy is stored energy. No change is currently taking place–Kinetic energy is currently causing change. This always involves some type of motion.Forms Of Energy•Kinetic energy is the energy associated with motion•Potential energy–Is stored in the location of matter–Includes chemical energy stored in molecular structure•Energy can be converted from one form to another•First Law Of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; energy can be transferred or transformedOn the platform, a diverhas more potential energy.Diving converts potentialenergy to kinetic energy.Climbing up converts kineticenergy of muscle movement to potential energy.In the water, a diver has less potential energy.Temperature, Pressure, And Volume•Volume – Pressure Relationship–At a constant temperature, volume is inversely proportional to pressure•Volume – Temperature Relationship –At constant pressure, the volume is directly proportional to temperature•Cells constantly rearrange molecules by breaking existing chemical bonds and forming new ones•Such changes in the chemical composition of matter are called chemical reactions•Chemical reactions enable atoms to give up or acquire electrons in order to complete their outer shells–These