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ACC BIOL 1308 - Levels of Organization

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Levels of OrganizationSlide 2Overview of Organ SystemsSlide 4The Integumentary SystemThe Skeletal SystemThe Muscular SystemThe Nervous SystemThe Endocrine SystemThe Cardiovascular SystemThe Lymphatic SystemThe Respiratory SystemThe Digestive SystemThe Urinary SystemMale Reproductive SystemFemale Reproductive SystemIntroduction to Organ SystemsHomeostatic RegulationSlide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Levels of Organization•Life is built on successive levels of increasing complexity:•Chemical (or Molecular)•Cellular•Tissue•Organ•Organ System•OrganismOrganismLevelIntegumentarySkeletalMuscularNervousEndocrineCardiovascularLymphaticRespiratoryDigestiveUrinaryReproductiveOrganLevelTheheartCardiacmuscletissueTissue LevelCellular LevelHeartmusclecellProtein filamentsComplex proteinmoleculeAtoms incombinationChemical orMolecular LevelOrganSystem LevelOverview of Organ Systems•The human body is arranged in 11 organ systems:•Integumentary•Ske letal•Muscular•Ner vous•Endocrine•Card iovascular•Lymphatic•Respiratory•Digestive•Urinary•Repr oductiveThe Integumentary SystemFigure 1-2(a)The Skeletal SystemFigure 1-2(b)The Muscular SystemFigure 1-2(c)The Nervous SystemFigure 1-2(d)The Endocrine SystemFigure 1-2(e)The Cardiovascular SystemFigure 1-2(f)The Lymphatic SystemFigure 1-2(g)The Respiratory SystemFigure 1-2(h)The Digestive SystemFigure 1-2(i)The Urinary SystemFigure 1-2(j)Male Reproductive SystemFigure 1-2(k)Female Reproductive SystemFigure 1-2(l)Introduction to Organ Systems•The body can be divided into 11 organ systems, but all work together and the boundaries between them aren’t absolute.Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHomeostatic Regulation•Homeostasis•Maintains stable internal conditions•Temperature•Ionic concentrations•Blood sugar levels, etc.•Utilizes negative feedback mechanismsCopyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHomeostatic Regulation•Regulation depends on:•Receptor sensitive to a particular stimulus•Effector that affects the same stimulusCopyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsRECEPTORThermometerSTIMULUS:Room temperaturerisesNormalconditiondisturbedHOMEOSTASISNormalroomtemperatureRESPONSE:Room temperaturedropsNormalconditionrestoredEFFECTORAir conditionerturns onSendscommandstoInformationaffectsCONTROL CENTER(Thermostat)20o30o40oHomeostatic Regulation•Negative Feedback:•Variation outside normal limits triggers automatic corrective response•Response negates disturbanceRECEPTORBody’stemperaturesensorsSTIMULUSBody temperaturerises above 37.2oC(99oF)RESPONSEIncreased blood flowto skinIncreased sweatingStimulus removedHomeostasis restoredControlmechanismwhen bodytemperaturerisesEFFECTORBlood vesselsand sweatglands in skinNegativefeedbackSendscommandstoInformationaffectsInformationaffectsCONTROLCENTERThermoregulatorycenter in brainSendscommandstoEFFECTORBlood vesselsand sweat glandsin skinSkeletal musclesNegativefeedbackControlmechanismwhen bodytemperaturefallsRECEPTORBody’stemperaturesensorsSTIMULUSBody temperaturefalls below 37.2oC(99oF)RESPONSEDecreased blood flowto skinDecreased sweatingShiveringStimulus removedHomeostasis restoredHomeostatic Regulation•Positive Feedback:•Stimulus produces response that reinforces the stimulus•Response rapidly completes critical processCopyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin CummingsHomeostatic Regulation•Homeostasis and Disease •Failure of homeostatic regulation•Symptoms appear•Organ system malfunctionCopyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin


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ACC BIOL 1308 - Levels of Organization

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