EECS 150 - Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems Lec 24 –Power, Power, Power 11/27/2007Broad Technology TrendsSustaining Moore’s LawPower, Power, PowerWhat is EECS150 about?Data CentersServers: Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)Slide 8P watts = I amps * V voltsBasicsData Center Power Usage TodayPCDo Nothing WellNotebooks ... now most of the PC marketBattery: Set by size and weight limits ...Battery TechnologySlide 17CPU Only Part of Power Budget“X-Internet” Beyond the PCSlide 20Cooling an iPod nano ...Powering an iPod nano (2005 edition)Slide 23Slide 24What’s in the iPhone?What’s in your iPhone?iPhone Parts (?)UCB Mote PlatformsKey Design ElementsTinyOS-driven architectureMicrocontrollersWhat we mean by “Low Power”Mote Power States at Node LevelRadiosPower to CommunicateMultihop RoutingEnergy Profile of a TransmissionExample: TX maximum packetThe “Idle Listening” ProblemCommunication Power ConsumptionAnnouncementsBasics – Power and Digital DesignRecall: Transistor-level Logic CircuitsOlder Logic Families have Pullup RPower in CMOSSwitching PowerOther Sources of Energy ConsumptionSlide 48Controlling Energy Consumption: What Control Do You Have as a Designer?ExampleDiscussion: Digital Design and PowerTechnology Scaling and Design LearningScaling Switching Energy per GateDevice Engineers Trade Speed and PowerCustomize processes for product types ...Intel: Comparing 2 CPU Generations ...1EECS 150 - Components and Design Techniques for Digital Systems Lec 24 –Power, Power, Power11/27/2007David CullerElectrical Engineering and Computer SciencesUniversity of California, Berkeleyhttp://www.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cullerhttp://inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs1502Broad Technology TrendsToday: 1 million transistors per $ Moore’s Law: # transistors on cost-effective chip doubles every 18 monthsMote!yearsComputersPer Person103:11:106LaptopPDAMainframeMiniWorkstationPCCell1:11:103Bell’s Law: a new computer class emerges every 10 yearsSame fabrication technology provides CMOS radios for communication and micro-sensors3Sustaining Moore’s Law“If unchecked, the increasing power requirements of computer chips could boost heat generation to absurdly high levels,” said Patrick Gelsinger, Intel’s CTO is reported to have said.“By mid-decade, that Pentium PC may need the power of a nuclear reactor. By the end of the decade, you might as well be feeling a rocket nozzle than touching a chip. And soon after 2010, PC chips could feel like the bubbly hot surface of the sun itself,”4Power, Power, Power•IT devices represent 2% of global CO2 emissions worldwideyearsComputersPer Person103:11:106LaptopPDAMainframeMiniWorkstationPCCell1:11:103Mote!Mobile telecom, 9%LAN and office telecom, 7%Fixed-line Telecom, 15%Printers, 6%Servers, 23%PCs and Monitors, 39%Source Gartner5What is EECS150 about?Transfer FunctionTransistor PhysicsDevicesGatesCircuitsFlipFlopsEE 40HDLMachine OrganizationInstruction Set ArchPgm Language Asm / Machine LangCS 61CDeep Digital Design ExperienceFundamentals of Boolean LogicSynchronous CircuitsFinite State MachinesTiming & ClockingDevice Technology & ImplicationsController DesignArithmetic UnitsBus DesignEncoding, FramingTesting, DebuggingHardware ArchitectureHDL, Design Flow (CAD)6Data Centers•1.5% of total US energy consumption in 2006•60 Billion kWh•Doubled in past 5 years and expected to double in next 5 to 100 Billion kWh–7.4 B$ annuallyEPA report aug 4 2007 delivered to congress in response to public law 109-431ClientyearsComputersPer Person103:11:106LaptopPDAMainframeMiniWorkstationPCCell1:11:103Mote!48% of IT budget spent on energy50% of data center power goes into cooling1 MW DC => 177 M kwH + 60 M gals water + 145 K lbs copper + 21 k lbs lead7Servers: Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)Machine rooms are expensive … removing heat dictates how many servers can fitElectric bill adds up! Powering the servers + powering the air conditioners is a big part of TCOReliability: running computers hot makes them fail more often8M. K. Patterson, A. Pratt, P. Kumar, “From UPS to Silicon: an end-to-end evaluation of datacenter efficiency”, Intel Corporation9+1V-1 Ohm Resistor1A0.24 Calories per SecondHeats 1 gram of water 0.24 degree CThis is how electric tea pots work ...1 Joule of Heat Energy per Second1 Watt20 W rating: Maximum power the package is able to transfer to the air. Exceed rating and resistor burns.P watts = I amps * V volts10Basics•Warning! In everyday language, the term “power” is used incorrectly in place of “energy”•Power is not energy–E = P * T•Power is not something you can run out of•Power can not be lost or used up•It is not a thing, it is merely a rate•It can not be put into a battery any more than velocity can be put in the gas tank of a car11Data Center Power Usage Today12PC•HPxw4200–180 w active with two LCDs–130 w w/o monitor, 110 w idle, –6 w suspend•60% are left on around the clock•15% of all office power•US: –1.72 B$ & 15 M tons CO2 annually•Mid size company:–165 K$ & 1400 tons of CO2•Existing power mgmt (hibernation) can reduce by 80%=> Do nothing wellPC Energy Report 2007, 1EClientEnterpriseServerJ2EESOAPyearsComputersPer Person103:11:106LaptopPDAMainframeMiniWorkstationPCCell1:11:103Mote!13Do Nothing Well14Notebooks ... now most of the PC marketPerformance: Must be “close enough” to desktop performance ... many people no longer own a desktopHeat: No longer “laptops” -- top may get “warm”, bottom “hot”. Quiet fans OKSize and Weight: Ideal: paper notebook1 in8.9 in12.8 inApple MacBook -- Weighs 5.2 lbs15Battery: Set by size and weight limits ...Almost full 1 inch depth. Width and height set by available space, weight.Battery rating: 55 W-hourAt 2.3 GHz, Intel Core Duo CPU consumes 31 W running a heavy load - under 2 hours battery life! And, just for CPU!At 1 GHz, CPU consumes 13 Watts. “Energy saver” option uses this mode ...46x energy than iPod nano. iPod lets you listen to music for 14 hours!16Battery Technology•Battery technology has developed slowly•Li-Ion and NiMh still the dominate technologies•Batteries still contribute significantly to the weight of mobile devicesToshiba Portege 3110 laptop - 20%Handspring PDA - 10%Nokia 61xx - 33%1755 W-hour battery stores the energy of 1/2 a stick of dynamite.If battery short-circuits, catastrophe is possible ...18CPU Only Part of Power Budget2004-era notebook running a full workload.If our CPU took
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