COMPLEX IONS AND AMPHOTERISMThis experiment involves the separation and identification of ions using two important reaction types: (i) the formation of complex ions and (ii) the amphoteric behavior of some metal hydroxides. You have already encoun-tered complex ion formation in the analysis of the silver group ions and in the experiment on metal sulfides, but more needs to be said about this topic as an introduction to this experiment.THE FORMATION OF COMPLEX IONSAlthough we usually write cation formulas in solution as if they were simple ions, such as Al3+, these ions are actually bound to a number of water mol-ecules arranged around the central ion (see figure below). The water molecules in this case are examples of a much larger class of molecules and ions called ligands that form coordinate covalent bonds with a central metal cation. That is, the bond is of the form L: → Mn+, where L has donated an otherwise unused lone pair of electrons to the electron accepting metal ion. In the water molecule, there are two lone pairs of electrons on the O atom, and either of these may form a coordinate covalent bond with a metal cation. Ligands are often small, polar molecules such as H2O and NH3, but they can also be anions such as Cl-, OH-, and S2-. The combination of a ligand or ligands with a metal cation is often called a coordination complex. If the complex is an ion, it is then called a complex ion. A complex ion you have already seen is [H3N:→Ag←:NH3]+, the complex ion formed by silver ion and ammonia that allows you to dissolve AgCl.Chemistry 112: Reactions Involving Complex Ions Page 27As noted in the experiment on the silver group ions, a ligand is a Lewis base (a donor of one or more pairs of electrons), and the metal ion in the complex ion is a Lewis acid (an elec-tron pair acceptor).HHδ+δ+δ−Al3+O••H2OH2OOH2H2OH2OOH2Al3+Complex Ions. (a) Six water molecules, located at the corners of an octahedron, cluster about an Al3+ ion. (b) A ball & stick model of a complex ion having a metal cation in the center of an octahedron of water molecules. (c) The copper-ammonia complex ion, Cu(NH3)42+.(a)(b)(c)December 2005Formulas and stabilities of complexes vary greatly. Usually complexes involve four or six ligands arranged at the corners of a tetrahedron (or square plane) or octahedron about a metal cation, and the cation is most often a transition metal ion. However, complexes having other than four or six ligands are possible, such as the silver-ammonia complex mentioned above. The presence of a transition metal in a complex often leads to highly colored complexes. Recall the deep blue copper(II)-ammonia complex that you synthesized in Chemistry 111. (The complex ion is seen in Figure 17.7 on page 830 of your text, Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity. See also the figure on the first page of this experiment.) This complex is much more stable than the insoluble compound Cu(OH)2, for example, so adding excess ammonia to a solution of copper ion leads preferentially to the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex ion. You will see many other examples of this behavior in this laboratory and in other experiments, and it is a feature of metal complexes that their colors can sometimes be used to identify the particular metal ion involved. A number of such complexes appear in Figure 22.12 on page 1081 of Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity. You have already seen in the analysis of the ions of the silver group that complex ion formation can often be used to advantage in ion separation: if two salts precipitate together, they can sometimes be separated by dissolving one through complex ion formation while the other remains uncomplexed. Indeed, this is the way you separated Ag+ from Hg22+. Recall that AgCl dis-solved when NH3 was added because the soluble complex ion [H3N-Ag-NH3]+ was formed. AMPHOTERIC METAL HYDROXIDESAn amphoteric substance is one that can behave as a Lewis acid and a Brønsted base. The best examples are found with metal hydroxides such as aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] and zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH)2]. In soluble aluminum hydroxide can be formed by the addition of hydroxide ion, OH-, to a soluble salt of Al3+.[Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3 OH-(aq) → Al(H2O)3(OH)3(s) + 3 H2O(l)The insoluble metal hydroxide can act as a base, since it can be redissolved by reacting it with an acid. Brønsted base Al(H2O)3(OH)3(s) + 3 H3O+(aq) → [Al(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3 H2O(l)Alternatively, the metal hydroxide can act as an acid, since it can react with a base. Lewis acid Al(H2O)3(OH)3(s) + OH-(aq) → [Al(H2O)2(OH)4]-(aq) + H2O(l)Thus, Al(OH)3 is said to be amphoteric. Only certain cations show amphoteric behavior, so this can be exploited in separating cations. If, for example, NaOH is added in small amounts to solutions of Fe3+ and Al3+, both will initially form precipitates: rust colored iron(III) hydroxide Chemistry 112: Reactions Involving Complex Ions Page 28December 2005The [Ag(NH3)2]+ complex ion.[Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + 3 OH-(aq) → Fe(H2O)3(OH)3(s) + 3 H2O(l)and white aluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3 (see above). Because Al(OH)3 is an amphoteric hydroxide, while Fe(OH)3 is not, further treatment with NaOH will redissolve Al(OH)3 and leave Fe(OH)3 as an insoluble solid. If you then centrifuge the mixture, and decant off the solution, you will have separated Al3+ from Fe3+. Commonly encountered cations that form amphoteric hydroxides are Al3+, Cr3+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Sn4+, and Sb3+. Most of the other cations you see in Chemistry 112 laboratory do not form amphoteric hydroxides. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDUREBefore beginning this experiment, place the following solutions in the small dropping bottles in your desk: 6 M NaOH, 6 M HCl, and 6 M NH3. Labels are available in the laboratory so that you can label the bottles. The observations you make on the known solutions can be entered on the table provided with the experiment. When you have completed the table, tape or staple the table in your laboratory notebook.A. Tests of IonsThe ions to be studied in this experiment areCu2+ Ni2+ Bi3+ Sb3+ Mn2+ Place a few drops of each known solution in separate, small test tubes. 1. Preliminary Observations (a) First, note the color of each solution. Solutions of transition metal ions in particular are often colored. Chemistry 112: Reactions Involving Complex Ions Page 29December 2005excess NaOHsoluble [Al(OH)4]-solid Fe(OH)3NaOHwhite Al(OH)3 and rust-colored Fe(OH)3PRECIPITATESAl3+ and Fe3+