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Chico GEOS 342 - The Rock Cycle

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IntroductionObjectivesWhen you have completed this lab you should be able toActivity #1: Analysis of CookiesMaterials: 4 different cookies per groupActivity:Questions:Activity #2: Analysis of Two Igneous RocksMaterials: Two igneous rocks, labeled “A” and “B”Activity: Carefully examine the two rocks.Questions:Activity #3: First Attempt at Identifying Which Minerals are in a RockMaterials: Two rocks, labeled “A” and “B”Minerals in Rock B: 1.Lab Activity #4: Refining Our Ability to Identify Minerals—ColorBackground Information:Additional Information:Activity:Bashing Unlabeled Bulk Mineral SpecimensExamining (No Bashing!) Labeled Mineral Specimens in BoxesLab Activity #7: Special Properties of Some MineralsMaterials Needed: • mineral specimensLab Activity #8: Identifying Minerals in RocksActivity: Identify the minerals in the igneous rocks A, B, O and W.Minerals in Rock A: 1.Minerals in Rock B: 1.Minerals in Rock O: 1.Mineral in Rock W:Lab Activity #9: Summarizing Mineral PropertiesColor(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Color(s):Hardness:Activity #1: Chemical vs. Detrital SedimentClassificationSediment Mineralogy Rock NameActivity #1: Identification of Sedimentary RocksActivity #2: Interpretation of Sedimentary EnvironmentObjectivesI. Making New Minerals by Melting and Crystallizing MagmaI. Notes on the Videotape “Rocks that Form on the Earth's Surface”Tray #1The Rock Cycle© 2008 Ann Bykerk-Kauffman, Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Chico**Supported by NSF Grant #9455371. Permission is granted to reproduce this material for classroom use.B–1B–2 The Rock CycleB–3Supplementary Readings on Minerals© 2008 Ann Bykerk-Kauffman, Dept. of Geological and Environmental Sciences, California State University, Chico*The Geological Definition of the Term MineralThere are five characteristics that an Earth material must possess in order to be considered a mineral. Although what the book says is generally correct, I prefer my way of stating these characteristics. Please learn the five characteristics of a mineral as stated below.For any earth material to be considered a mineral, it must exhibit ALL of the following characteristics:a. It must be naturally occurring.b. It must be inorganic (was never alive).c. It must be a solid.d. It must be crystalline; and all samples of the same mineral must have the same crystalline structure.e. It must possess a definite chemical composition; and different samples of the same mineral may vary in chemical composition only within specified narrow limits.Clarification of Terms“Naturally occurring” means that it is not made by humans in a laboratory or factory. “Inorganic” means that it is not made of organic molecules. When scientists call a substance “organic,” they mean that the substance is made of complex molecules composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen. Examples of organic substances include oil, protein, wood, and leaves. “Organic” substances are almost always made by living things. “Inorganic” substances are usually made by processes that do not involve living things, although they can be made by living things. Seashells, for example, are not considered “organic” because they are made of calcium carbonate, not carbon and hydrogen.“Crystalline” means that the atoms that make up a mineral are always arranged in an orderly geometric pattern. The same mineral will always have the same geometric arrangement. To see examples of different types of crystalline structure, look at the illustrations of a single tetrahedron, single chains, double chains, and sheets in Figure 2.21 on p. 42.“Definite chemical composition” means that, for two samples to be considered the same mineral, they must have similar (not necessarily identical) chemical compositions. *Supported by NSF Grant #9455371. Permission is granted to reproduce this material for classroom use.B–3B–4 Supplementary Readings on MineralsMinerals typically have a range of compositions, but that range has limits. For example, olivine has a chemical composition of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4. What this means is that olivine is made of one silicon atom bonded to four oxygen atoms and two other atoms. Those two other atoms can be two magnesium atoms, two iron atoms, or one magnesium atom and one iron atom.Supplementary Readings on Minerals B–5Bowen’s Reaction SeriesFigure 3.13 on p. 61 of your textbook shows a very important diagram called “Bowen’s Reaction Series.” This diagram is based on a series of pioneering experiments conducted by a man named N. L. Bowen in the first quarter of the 20th century. He melted rocks and then studied them as they gradually cooled and crystallized.This diagram summarizes a large amount of information in a simple visual way. It is similar to a graph. The middle part of the diagram shows a systematic arrangement of the nine basic mineralsof igneous rocks. These minerals are • olivine• pyroxene (you didn’t study this mineral in lab; it closely resembles amphibole)• amphibole• biotite (black) mica• calcium-rich (dark gray) plagioclase feldspar• sodium-rich (white) plagioclase feldspar• potassium (pink) feldspar• muscovite (light-colored) mica.• quartzThe systematic arrangement of these minerals on the diagram is based on the order in which theycrystallize as a particular magma gradually cools. The minerals that crystallize first are plotted near the top of the chart and the minerals that crystallize last are plotted near the bottom of the chart. Why would the minerals near the top of the chart crystallize first? Because they have the highest crystallization temperatures. Likewise, the minerals near the bottom of the chart crystallize last because they have they lowest crystallization temperatures. Minerals that crystallize at about the same temperature are shown side by side on the chart.You may not be familiar with the term “crystallization temperature.” The term “melting temperature” may be more familiar. But they are really actually the same thing; the melting temperature of any substance is ALSO its crystallization (freezing) temperature. For example, whenever the temperature of pure water drops below 0°C (32°F), the water will crystallize and form ice; whenever the temperature of pure ice


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Chico GEOS 342 - The Rock Cycle

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