1© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 1Computer Science 4500Operating Systems0RGXOH,QSXW2XWSXW© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 2In This Module…3ULQFLSOHVRI,QSXW2XWSXW+DUGZDUH2YHUYLHZRI,QSXW2XWSXW6RIWZDUH'HWDLOVRI&RPPRQ,2'HYLFHV'LVNV5$0 'LVNV&ORFNV7HUPLQDOV© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 3Principles of I/O Hardware,2KDUGZDUHPDSVVRIWZDUHUHTXHVWVWRSK\VLFDOHYHQWV7RXQGHUVWDQG,2UHTXLUHVXQGHUVWDQGLQJ7KH SK\VLFDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI ,2 GHYLFHV7KH VRIWZDUH LQWHUIDFH WR WKH ,2 KDUGZDUH IURP WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 4I/O Devices'HYLFHV FDQ EH FKDUDFWHUL]HG LQ VHYHUDO ZD\V:KDW LV WKH SXUSRVH RI WKH GHYLFH" GDWD VWRUDJH GLVN GULYH WDSH &'520 GDWD WUDQVIHU VHULDO SRUW PRGHP QHWZRUN LQWHUIDFH HQYLURQPHQWDO LQWHUIDFH NH\ERDUG PRQLWRU PRXVH $' FRQYHUWHU+RZ LV WKH GHYLFH DFFHVVHG" EORFN E\ EORFN RQH FKDUDFWHU RU E\WH DW D WLPH© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 5Device Drivers$ GHYLFH GULYHU LV WKH VRIWZDUH FRPSRQHQW RI WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP WKDW PDQDJHV WKH GHWDLOHG LQWHUDFWLRQV ZLWK WKH GHYLFH(DFK GHYLFH GULYHU SURYLGHV D FRPPRQ LQWHUIDFH WR WKH UHPDLQGHU RI WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP 7R VRPH H[WHQW WKHQ WKH GULYHUV QRUPDOL]H WKH VRIWZDUH XVHG E\ WKH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP([DPSOH GLIIHUHQW GLVNV KDYH GLIIHUHQW VHFWRU VL]HV QXPEHU RI F\OLQGHUV WUDFNV HWF$ GLVN GHYLFH GULYHU PLJKW SURYLGH D IXQFWLRQ OLNH ³UHDG EORFN´ JLYHQ D EXIIHU DGGUHVV D GHYLFH QXPEHU DQG D ORJLFDO EORFN QXPEHU© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 6Device Controllers$ GHYLFH FRQWUROOHU FRQVLVWV RI WKH HOHFWURQLF LQWHUIDFH EHWZHHQ D GHYLFH DQG WKH FRPSXWHU V\VWHP $ GHYLFH FRQWUROOHU LV VRPHWLPHV FDOOHG D GHYLFH DGDSWHU7KH FRQWUROOHU SK\VLFDOO\ FRQQHFWV WKH GHYLFH WR WKH FRPSXWHU V\VWHP¶V EXV0DQ\ PRGHUQ GHYLFHV KDYH D GHYLFH FRQWUROOHU DV DQ LQWHJUDO FRPSRQHQW([DPSOH 6&6, GHYLFHV ,'( GLVN GULYHV)RU WKHVH GHYLFHV D VLPSOLILHG LQWHUIDFH IUHTXHQWO\ FDOOHG D KRVW DGDSWHU LV XVHG WR FRQQHFW LW WR WKH V\VWHP¶V EXV2© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 7Device Controller Features(DFK GHYLFH FRQWUROOHU KDV WZR LQWHUIDFHV RQH WR WKH V\VWHP EXV DQG RQH WR WKH GHYLFH6RPH GHYLFH FRQWUROOHUV FDQ KDQGOH PXOWLSOH GHYLFHV RI WKH VDPH W\SH )RU H[DPSOH PRVW 3& IORSS\ GLVN FRQWUROOHUV FDQ KDQGOH WZR GULYHV0DQ\ GHYLFH LQWHUIDFHV DUH VWDQGDUGL]HG LQFOXGLQJ WKRVH IRU IORSS\ GLVNV ,'( DQG 6&6, KDUG GLVNV DQG QHWZRUN LQWHUIDFHV /LNHZLVH PDQ\ EXV LQWHUIDFHV DUH VWDQGDUGL]HG7KH RSHUDWLQJ V\VWHP GHYLFH GULYHU DOZD\V LQWHUDFWV ZLWK WKH FRQWUROOHU QRW GLUHFWO\ ZLWK WKH GHYLFH© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 8A Typical PC’s I/O Configuration&380HPRU\&RQWUROOHU  &RQWUROOHU  &ORFN (WF'HYLFH'HYLFH'HYLFH'HYLFH© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 9Mainframe Data Channels8VHG E\ PDLQIUDPHV DQ ,2 FKDQQHO LV D VSHFLDOL]HG SURFHVVRU WKDW GHDOV H[FOXVLYHO\ ZLWK ,2 RSHUDWLRQV&KDQQHO SURJUDPV ZULWWHQ XVLQJ D GLIIHUHQW LQVWUXFWLRQ VHW DUH H[HFXWHG E\ WKH ,2 FKDQQHO'HYLFH FRQWUROOHUV DWWDFK WR WKH ,2 FKDQQHO¶V EXV DQG QRW WR WKH VDPH EXV DV WKH PHPRU\ DQG &38V© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 10A Possible Mainframe ConfigurationCPU MemoryController #1Etc.I/O Channel #1CPUI/O Channel #2'HYLFH'HYLFHController #2'HYLFH'HYLFH© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 11Bus Adapters'HYLFH FRQWUROOHUV DUH GHVLJQHG IRU VSHFLILF EXV FRQILJXUDWLRQVVWDQGDUGV HJ 0XOWLEXV ,6$ 3&,,I WKH &38 DQG PHPRU\ XVH RQH EXV EXW IRU HFRQRP\ WKH GHYLFH FRQWUROOHUV XVH DQRWKHU EXV WKHQ D EXV DGDSWHU FDQ EH XVHG WR FRQQHFW WKH WZR EXVVHV([DPSOH 6HTXHQW XVHV D SURSULHWDU\ EXV IRU LWV SDUDOOHO V\VWHPV EXW XVHV 0XOWLEXV GHYLFH FRQWUROOHUV IRU WHUPLQDO DWWDFKPHQW WR WKH V\VWHP© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 12A Sequent Configuration0HPRU\7HUPLQDO &RQWUROOHU7HUP0XOWLEXV $GDSWHU&RQWUROOHU &38'HYLFH'HYLFH&38 &38 &387HUP3© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 13Disk Drives)ORSS\ DQG VRPH KDUG GULYH PRWRUV FDQ EH WXUQHG RQ DQG RII7KH VHULDO GDWD VWUHDP WRIURP WKH GLVN GULYH LV FUHDWHGLQWHUSUHWHG E\ WKH IORSS\ GLVN FRQWUROOHU(DFK IORSS\ GLVN VHFWRU LV SUHFHGHG E\ D SUHDPEOHFRQWDLQLQJ LGHQWLI\LQJ LQIRUPDWLRQ OLNH WKH WUDFN QXPEHU VLGH QXPEHU DQG VHFWRU QXPEHU7KH VSHHG RI WKH GLVN LV FRQVWDQW UHTXLULQJ WKH FRQWUROOHU WR NHHS XS ZLWK WKH GLVN© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 14Display devices7KH GLVSOD\ LWVHOI LV VLPLODU WR WKRVH IRXQG LQ WHOHYLVLRQV ZLWK D EHDP FRQWLQXRXVO\ XSGDWLQJ WKH SL[HOVRQ WKH VFUHHQ H[FHSW ZKHQ WKH EHDP LV PRYHG IURP WKH HQG RI D OLQH WR WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH QH[W RU IURP WKH HQG RI WKH ODVW OLQH WR WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH ILUVW7KH FRQWUROOHU PXVW NHHS XS ZLWK WKH FRQVWDQW VFDQ UDWH SURYLGLQJ GDWD WR WKH GLVSOD\ IURP WKH YLGHR PHPRU\ ZKLFK PDLQWDLQV D FRS\ RI WKH SL[HOV RQ WKH VFUHHQ&RPPDQGV WR WKH FRQWUROOHU PRGLI\ WKH YLGHR PHPRU\ RQ WKH FRQWUROOHU WKH VFUHHQ LV QRW XSGDWHG GLUHFWO\© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 15Direct Memory Access (DMA),Q ROG V\VWHPV WKH &38 KDG WR NHHS XS ZLWK WKH FRQVWDQW GDWD UDWH UHTXLUHG E\ WKH GHYLFH HVVHQWLDOO\ HOLPLQDWLQJ DQ\ SRVVLELOLW\ RI PXOWLSURFHVVLQJ PXOWLWDVNLQJ'0$ GHYLFHV PDQDJH GDWD WUDQVIHUV EHWZHHQ WKH FRQWUROOHU DQG WKH V\VWHP¶V SULPDU\ PHPRU\ LQGHSHQGHQW RI WKH &38 RQFH WKH WUDQVIHU KDV EHHQ VHW XS'0$ LV D VXSSRUW GHYLFH WKDW FRQQHFWV WR WKH V\VWHP EXV© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 16A PC with a DMA Device&38 0HPRU\&RQWUROOHU '0$'0$ WUDQVIHUV DUH XVXDOO\ SHUIRUPHG RQO\ IRU EORFN GHYLFHV WKDW WUDQVIHU PDQ\ E\WHV IRU HDFK ,2 UHTXHVW 7KH '0$ GHYLFH FDQ EH XVHG LQ ERWK GLUHFWLRQV'HYLFH'HYLFH© 2000 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 17Interleaving Disk Sectors$IWHU D VHFWRU KDV EHHQ UHDG IURP WKH GLVN LW PXVW EH WUDQVIHUUHG WR SULPDU\ PHPRU\ XVXDOO\ XVLQJ '0$7KH GLVN FRQWLQXHV WR URWDWH DIWHU D VHFWRU KDV EHHQ UHDG WKXV«7KH QH[W VHTXHQWLDO VHFWRU KDV ³SDVVHG E\´ EHIRUH WKH FRQWUROOHU LV UHDG\ WR