Chapter 2 Vocabulary atom electron nucleus proton neutron elements isotope mass number atomic number atomic mass unit orbital valence valence shell valence electrons molecule covalent bond polar covalent bond nonpolar covalent bond ionic bond electronegativity polarity lone pair hydrogen bond cation anion chemical equilibrium products reactants energy potential energy kinetic energy thermal energy temperature heat enthalpy endothermic exothermic entropy Gibb s free energy DG spontaneous exergonic endergonic electron donor electron acceptor functional groups amino carbonyl carboxyl hydroxyl phosphate sulfhydryl acids bases pH Chapter 2 Expectations have a working understanding of The meanings and use of words on Vocabulary list The role of electronegativity in bonding polar versus nonpolar bonds Ability to determine from the structure if a molecule is polar or nonpolar Ability to identify functional groups and their properties Hydrogen bonds and the special properties of water Hydrophilic vs Hydrophobic and why water is such a good solvent Acids and bases and influence on pH First and Second Law of Thermodynamics Meaning of H and its relation to heat loss or gain due to changes in potential and kinetic energy Meaning of S and its relation to disorder The contribution of H and S to the total free energy change of G The relationship of G to the spontaneity of a reaction Review the sample questions and the material at the end of the chapter
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