Final Review Sheet 2012 DISCLAIMER This is BY NO MEANS an exhaustive list of things you should study for the final You should be using your exams homeworks quizzes lecture notes book and any other resources from class in order to prepare for the exam Also Cindy WILL NOT be covering the answers for these questions in the review session If you have trouble finding the answers to any of the questions please come to Shemariah s office in the ARC 1049 A Chapter 1 1 The five fundamental characteristics of all things that are alive a b c d 2 Just as a family tree shows relationships between individuals a tree the tree of life shows relationships between species List the three domains branches a b c Chapter 2 3 4 5 6 A is a proton donor while a is a proton acceptor Atoms donate or accept electrons based upon their What is the difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic states that the entropy of the universe is always increasing Chapter 3 7 Name the four substituents bonded to the carbon in an amino acid a b c d 8 Two amino acids are joined by bonds 9 Order of amino acids in a chain is a type of protein structure 10 Alpha helix and pleated sheets are types of protein structure 11 Tertiary structure depends on what 4 types of bonding between amino acid side chains a 1 Final Review Sheet 2012 b c d 12 Enzymes do these two things in order to speed up the rate of chemical reactions a b 13 Inhibitors bind to the enzymes active site where the substrate binds while inhibitors do not bind to the enzyme at all Chapter 4 14 RNA can form secondary structures called due to complementary base pairing among the strand 15 are enzyme like RNAs that exist in all organisms and catalyze many different reactions in the cell 16 The group on C2 makes ribose more reactive than deoxyribose 17 What are the purines and pyrimidines in DNA 18 What are the purines and pyrimidines in RNA Chapter 5 19 If the carbonyl group is at the end of the chain it is called a 20 If the carbonyl group is in the middle of the chain it is called a 21 Carbohydrates do not typically exist as linear straight chains but instead form a structure when the oxygen from the 5 carbon bonds with the 1 carbon 22 Name three simple ways sugars differ from each other a b c 23 Name three functions of carbohydrates a 2 Final Review Sheet 2012 b c Chapter 6 24 Phospholipids are amphipathic What does that mean 25 Name and describe the functions of the 3 types of lipids that exist in a cell a b c 26 Name the three types of membrane transport Which one requires ATP a b c 27 The currently accepted membrane model is called the Chapter 7 28 Define organelle you should be able to name and describe each 29 What are the 3 types of cytoskeletal elements and what are they involved in a b c 30 What two advantages does compartmentalization into organelles provide Chapter 8 31 Most cells possess a protect layer outside the cell membrane that serves to protect and provide structure In animal cells this is called a in plant cells a 32 How is the extracellular matrix constructed 33 Plant cells are connected by which are gaps in the cell wall where the two cells connect and communicate 3 Final Review Sheet 2012 34 Most animal tissues contain connections between adjacent cells by forming channels allowing for the flow of water ions amino acids sugars and nucleotides between cells These are called 35 What is the difference between lipid soluble and lipid insoluble chemical messengers in how the signal another cell a b Chapter 9 36 Define cellular respiration it s steps where each occurs and what the major products are a b c d 37 During the fourth step electron transport chain the high potential energy of the electrons carried by NADH and FADH2 is used to do what 38 Ultimately strong electrochemical gradient formed by being pumped against their gradient is used to power the molecular machine driving the production of ATP Chapter 11 39 Name and describe each phase of the cell cycle 40 Name and describe each phase of Mitosis and meiosis 4 Final Review Sheet 2012 41 are required for the transition into M phase 42 cells have defects in making the proteins required for cell growth active when they shouldn t be Chapter 12 43 Homologous chromosomes have the same genes but can have differing 44 Non sister chromatids of homologous chromosome can resulting in a new combination of alleles within a chromosome 45 Crossing over is the process which occurs during between and allows for the increased genetic variation of the Chapter 13 46 You re working with a particular fruit fly and would like to determine its genotype based on its phenotype The fruit fly has red eyes and normal uncurled wings Both traits are dominant phenotypes This fruit fly can be crossed with another fly with a known genotype in order to determine its genotype What would the genotype of that test fly be How would it explain what the genotype of the unknown fly is 47 By dihybrid crosses Mendel was able to show that two gene segregate of each other Chapter 14 48 DNA synthesis requires these two things before it can begin a b 49 Describe the function of the following proteins a Helicase b Single strand DNA binding protein c Topoisomerase 5 Final Review Sheet 2012 d e f g h i DNA Polymerase III DNA Polymerase I Sliding clamp Primase DNA ligase Telomerase Chapter 15 50 What is meant when we say the genetic code is redundant unambiguous universal and conservative 51 DNA synthesis occurs in the to direction Chapter 16 52 What are three differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription 53 Name three modifications that can be made to mRNA in eukaryotes 54 What is the central dogma of molecular biology 55 Match the following with the correct action Initiation Used in prokaryotes to bind the promoter Elongation In prokaryotes the location of the TATA box Termination Results in the released of mRNA from the polymerase Promoter Sequence Found upstream of the gene to be transcribed 10 box The beginning of transcription Sigma factors Used by eukaryotes to bind to the promoter Transcription factors Stage of transcription when NTP is added to the mRNA Chapter 17 6 Final Review Sheet 2012 56 How does lacI inhibit transcription of lacZ and lacY 57 What are the three mechanisms of gene expression regulation in prokaryotes 58 Why do cells regulate gene expression 59 Regulation of lacZ and lacY by lacI is an example of what type of control 60 Describe how glucose negatively regulates the expression of lacZ and lacY 61
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