Chapter 14 DNA Replication How are genes copied and passed onto offspring Try to get homework in by Tuesday s class Review session Wednesday from 5 30 6 30 in 1213 Cellular Respiration Cellular respiration has four steps 1 Glycolysis glucose is broken down to pyruvate 2 Pyruvate processing pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA 3 Citric acid cycle acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2 4 Electron transport and chemiosmosis compounds that were reduced in steps 1 3 are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production Summary of Cellular Respiration The vast majority of the payoff from glucose oxidation occurs via oxidative phosphorylation ATP synthase produces 25 of the 29 ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule during cell respiration Glucose is oxidized in order to reduce electron carries like NAD ATP Synthase The protons then move through the enzyme ATP synthase driving the production of ATP from ADP and Pi Because this mode of ATP production links the phosphorylation of ADP with NADH and FADH2 oxidation it is called oxidative phosphorylation ATP Synthase Chapter 14 DNA Replication How are genes copied and passed onto offspring What are genes made of Protein or DNA Proteins Thousands of complex reactions are performed by them Proteins are complex 22 amino acids to choose from Limitless variation in structure and function DNA Thought to be a simple repetitive structure Known to be composed of just 4 types of deoxyribonucleotides Hershey Chase Experiment 1 Hershey and Chase knew that T2 infections begin when the virus attaches to the cell wall and injects its genes into the cell s interior 2 Also knew the T2 is made up almost exclusively of protein and DNA But was it protein or DNA that enters the host cell and directs the production of new viruses Hershey Chase Experiment What are some fundamental differences between the chemical make up of protein and DNA 1 DNA contains phosphorus but not sulfur 2 Proteins contain sulfur but not phosphorus Used a radioactive isotope of sulfur 35S or a radioactive isotope of phosphorus 32P to produce a population of viruses with radioactive proteins and a population with radioactive DNA What would you expect if genes consisted of DNA Then radioactive DNA should be located inside the cells and radioactive protein should be found only in the capsids outside What would you expect if genes consisted of protein Only radioactive protein and no DNA should be found inside the cells Centrifugation The Primary Structure of DNA DNA has polarity meaning it has directionality One end has an exposed phosphate on the 5 end and the 3 end has an exposed hydroxyl group The Secondary Structure of DNA
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