Chapter 2 Cell Structure and Func2on The ability of organ systems to carry out their func4ons depends on the cells that form them Today Biomolecules Cell Structure Carbohydrates Plasma Membrane Lipids Organelles Proteins Protein Synthesis Nucleic Acids Cell Cell Interac4ons Carbohydrates Composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen with the general chemical formula CH2O n Monosaccharides like glucose are simple sugars composed of a single unit Disaccharides and polysaccharides are an important means of storing energy Lipids Diverse set of biomolecules Triglycerides fats are an important means of storing energy The more saturated C H bonds the faMy acids are the more energy they store Phospholipids Lipids that contain a phosphate group making them amphipathic molecules As a result they spontaneously form bilayers and micelles when placed in an aqueous environment Lipids Steroids Unique chemical structure consis4ng of three six carbon rings and one ve carbon ring Cholesterol is the precursor to all other steroids many of which func4on as hormones Proteins Polymers of amino acids of which there are 20 di erent R groups resul4ng in di erent biochemistry Proteins are formed by joining amino acids together via a condensa4on reac4on Proteins The func4on of proteins is highly dependent on its 3D structure Four di erent levels primary secondary ter4ary and quaternary Proteins func4on as messengers receptors carriers catalysts and for structural support Proteins Fibrous proteins like collagen found in tendons and hair Globular proteins like insulin act as chemical messengers receptors carrier proteins and enzymes which catalyze chemical reac4ons in your body Nucleo4des Contain a 5 carbon sugar a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups The carbohydrates found in nucleo4des are ribose and deoxyribose Nucleo4des func4on in the exchange of cellular energy ATP NAD and FAD Nucleic Acids Nucleo4des also form polymers including nucleic acids which func4on in the storage and expression of gene4c informa4on Complementary base pairing between bases is the basis for the structure and replica4on mechanism of DNA Today Biomolecules Cell Structure Carbohydrates Plasma Membrane Lipids Organelles Proteins Protein Synthesis Nucleic Acids Cell Cell Interac4ons Cell Structure Plasma Membrane Nucleus FUNCTION Informa4on storage and processing Contains the cell s chromosomes Ribosomal RNA synthesis in the nucleolus Endoplasmic Re4culum FUNCTION Ribosomes associated with the rough ER synthesize proteins New proteins are folded and processed in the rough ER lumen Enzymes within the smooth ER may synthesize faMy acids and phospholipids or break down poisonous lipids Golgi Apparatus FUNCTION The Golgi apparatus processes sorts and ships proteins synthesized in the rough ER Membranous vesicles carry materials to and from the organelle Mitochondria FUNCTION ATP produc4on is a mitochondrion s core func4on Lysosomes FUNCTION Lysosomes are used for diges4on and waste processing Ribosomes FUNCTION Protein synthesis Cytoskeleton FUNCTION Gives the cell shape and structural stability and aids cell movement and transport of materials within the cell Protein Synthesis Targe4ng of Proteins Targe4ng of Proteins