Name Introduction to Mammalian Physiology Spring 2013 Exam I I Cell Structure Reactions and Metabolism 25 pts Match the following to its most appropriate place in the cell think about where the protein resides or where the process occurs Items in the right hand column may be used more than once 8 pts F The majority of ATP is produced here A Cytosol G Site of waste disposal B Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum F Where the Krebs Cycle occurs C Golgi Apparatus B Site of protein synthesis D Nucleus D Transcription E Plasma Membrane A Second Messenger Cascades F Mitochondria E Site where a ligand binding to its receptor G Lysosomes C Where proteins are sorted and shipped List three ways to increase reaction rate Circle which is used most often in your bodies 4 pts 1 Increase concentration of reactants 2 Increase the temperature 3 Decrease the activation energy barrier Enzymes help to stabilize the transition state of a reaction thereby decreasing the activation energy barrier of the reaction and increasing its rate 4 pts When an atom or molecules gains an electron it is reduced 1 pt When an atom or molecules loses an electron it is oxidized 1 pt Name Which of these happens to glucose during metabolism oxidized 1 pt During which step of metabolism are most of these ATP molecules produced 1 pt Electron transport chain oxidative phosphorylation What protein molecule in the mitochondria uses the proton gradient to synthesize ATP 1 pt ATP Synthase Why do cells need oxygen for normal metabolism How do cells produce ATP when it is absent 4 pts Aerobic metabolism uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain When oxygen is absent cells have electrons back up because there is no final acceptor so cells must convert pyruvate into lactate to continue to make ATP from glycolysis in anaerobic metabolism II Membrane Transport and Signaling Pathways 25 pts The GLUT transporter is an example of facilitated diffusion active transport because it transports glucose with against its concentration gradient with without the help of energy The Na glucose symporter is an example of facilitated diffusion active transport because it transports glucose with against its concentration gradient with without the help of energy Circle one for each 6 pts Name one fundamental difference between paracrine signaling and endocrine signaling 4 pts Paracrine signaling must be close enough for the molecules to diffuse to the target cells endocrine signals are transported in the blood stream Name Diagram what occurs when a ligand or messenger binds to a receptor tyrosine kinase resulting in the activation of signal transduction cascade You don t have to give specific names of molecules 8 pts Match the class of receptor with the description 3 pts A Channel linked receptors B Enzyme linked receptors C G Protein coupled receptors Binding of messenger activates kinase activity of the receptor B Binding of messenger causes the receptors to pass ions across the membrane A Binding of messenger causes the exchange of GDP for GTP on the alpha subunit C Name one advantage of cells using second messengers and signaling cascades 4 pts It is a means of amplifying the signal III Endocrine System Structure and Function 50 pts Name a body part that is distal to the elbow 2 pts Hand Anatomically the eyes are Superior posterior to the nose 2 pts What gland is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms and the sleep wake cycle in humans Pineal gland 2 pts Name What phenotype observable characteristic might you see in a person whose melatonin levels spike between 9 and 11 am in the morning 4 pts Because melatonin is released to regulate the sleep wake cycle and typically spikes between 2 4am this person would probably be tired or sleep during the morning and fall asleep during physiology class Explain why the body must switch back and forth between the absorptive and post absorptive state What is ultimate goal of these two states 6 pts Because nutrients and energy and not constantly present only there after we have eaten Absorptive state must mobilize the storage of energy right after a meal when supplies are available and then later mobilize those energy stores to be broken down in the postabsorptive state to all the time maintain constant glucose and nutrient levels in the blood Which two molecules regulate the switching between these two states What cells are they released by 4 pts Regulated by insulin and glucagon which are released by beta cell and alpha cell respectively in the pancreas Imagine there is a mutation in the insulin receptor that binds to insulin better resulting in a gainof function or a faster better insulin response in the body Would you expect an individual carrying this mutation to be susceptible to hypoglycemia abnormally low blood glucose levels or hyperglycemia abnormally high blood glucose levels Provide a brief explanation of your answer 6 pts You would expect this individual to be susceptible to hypoglycemia because insulin triggers the insertion of GLUT4 receptors into the cell membrane to take up more glucose which would lower the blood glucose concentrations faster than most people If these receptors functioned better even a lower concentration of insulin would induce the insertion of GLUT4 receptors reducing the blood sugar lower than a normal individual Name Diagram how the binding of insulin to its receptors leads to a change in a given cell regarding glucose uptake Only label the key components and events 8 pts List two major contributing factors that determine how likely a given person is to develop diabetes 2 pts Age Obesity Race or ethnicity Match the following with the correct letter 6 pts A insulin B growth hormone releasing hormone C growth hormone D thyroid hormones E glucagon Some diabetics lack sufficient amounts of this hormone A This hormone is secreted from the pancreas during the post absorptive state E Acromegaly is caused by an excess of this hormone C This hormone is secreted by the anterior pituitary it has effects on target cells in the body C Stimulates insertion of GLUT 4 transporters into cells of the body A Name This hormone requires the addition of iodide residues D Identify the structures labeled above 7 pts Choices Osteoblasts Osteoclasts Epiphyseal plate Chrondrocytes A Epiphyseal plate B Chondrocytes C Osteoblasts Which of these is directly responsible for building new bone material C Which of these is directly responsible for building new cartilage
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