Test 2 Notes- Socialization: how you’ve been conditioned by world around you to be male or female- Gender: how you identify a person as masculine or feminine (concept of sex)- Gender Socialization: self-fulfilling prophecies, institutional discrimination, glass ceilingso Exs. Clothes, toys, body language, education (boys geared towards math and science), bathrooms, religion (how to behave in society), economy (what type of jobs & amount of money)(Marx would agree), peer groups (playground from young age)- “feral” children: unsocialized children- gender doesn’t equal sex – people use the word gender when they mean sex!- Gender Constructionism (things that construct gender)o History & Biology: gender ideals change (what’s normal masculinity and femininity has changed) SETS LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIESo Social Structure: WORK, ECONOMY, LAW, POLITICS etc.o Socialization: – LEARNING GENDER FROM PARENTSAND OTHER “AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION”; HELPS ESTABLISH SELF-FULFILLING PROPHECIES AND GENDER IDEOLOGIES.o Culture: Different culture tells women and men that they have different roles, those roles depend on yourculture. Family shapes masculinity and femininity. MESSAGING AND IMAGES; ESTABLISHES HEGEMONIC STANDARDS FOR MEN AND WOMEN.- Toy ads: kitchen set with mom, girl, and teddy bear. Grillin’ set with boy standing above sitting girl. Boy toys – space & manipulation. Girl toys – (peek-a-boo pole:expectations) feminine colors, materialistic things, appearance related. Action figures vs. Dolls- Baby X study: same baby w/ boy and girl outfit on was treated differently depending on the outfit- Inequalityo Institutional Discrimination: Not individual discrimination, systems within institutions that perpetuate gender inequality.o Glass Ceiling: upper limit on how far women can go on their jobs.o Glass Escalator: men in feminine positions are promoted more quickly than women in the same jobs.- Gender Essentialism: women and men are based on inherent, biological information from past. Sociologists reject this.o Ahistorical: gender roles have changed through time and biology has not. Therefore gender essentialism is not possible.o Political: We perpetuate the status quo if we say “men are better at math and science”- Hegemony: dominance of a group that is important and people who do not benefit from hegemonic still follow those ideals. –*Means dominance of one group over another. Hegemony (and the reason we don’t simply say “dominance”) is because hegemony describes a condition where the subordinate group is dependent upon the powerful group, and in some way buys into the criteria of judgment or the culture set forth by the majority group.*o Hegemonic Femininity: proana, modeling, Killing Us Softly 4o Hegemonic Masculinity: steroids..- the birdcage clip: gender as a social construction- clip cont: robin williams plays man who lives with another man and they’re in a relationship. There is a son. Family is not fond of gay people. Coaching how to be masculine. Social construction: we learn how to be masculine & feminine. (gender norms)- socialization: process of social learning. Humans learn how to behave and act through socialization. Socializationoccurs throughout the course of a human’s life.- gender socialization: learning to fulfill the cultural expectations of manhood and womanhood. Sociologists show how gender socialization contributes to sex inequality btw men and women through the creation of self-fulfilling prophecies.- Multiple approaches to study gender, sex, and sexuality. Sociologists often focus on inequality and power differences btw men and women. Sociologists often study these inequalities with a social constructionist framework.- Social constructionist framework doesn’t see gender as the simple or inevitable fulfillment of biological, genetic, or evolutionary drives. Instead, different components of our society produce and come to an agreement about what it means to act and live as a real man or a real woman.- Different components of our society “construct” gender. Socialization constructs gender.- Agents of socialization: parents, guardians, teachers, peers, media, etc.- Culture constructs gender. (watching movies and wanting to be as thin as Kristen stewart or as muscular as taylor lautner; advertising that associates femininity with thinness)- Social structure constructs gender (wage gaps - ratio of men to women in congress)- (9/10) on ppt!- sociological approach to understanding gender and sex differences differs from the gender essentialism. Gender essentialism explains sex and gender as a product of evolutionary drives, genetics, and brain chemistry.- Flower metaphor: captures some of the truth about biological arguments of gender and it is also flexible. Baseline – biology. - Sociologists argue against gender essentialism! (they don’t like biological factors)- Ahistorical: doesn’t factor in history. Dumb to history.- Barbie – (typical looks) – direct, realistic, and sensible response to the desire of men to mate with women who look like her. There is evolutionary logic behind each of these features.- Gender essentialism is political (don’t need to be studyingif correct)- CLICKER Q: best describes arlie hochschild’s research methods? She interviewed 50 couples and observed a dozen homes to understand how couples divided household labor.- CLICKER Q: How do sociologists define “gender”? cultural definitions of masculinity and femininity.- Gender Ideology – many examples. “femininity = domesticity”, “whore/virgin”, - Holts: mrs. Egalitarian & mr. transitional. Gender strategies: “upstairs/downstairs myth”, withholding sex, dog care.- Delacortes: mrs. Traditional & mr. traditional. Social structure: working-class, traditional upbringing, she needs to work. Gender strategies: calculated incompetence & myth of “frank does little around the house”- Leisure gap: extra month of work out of the year that women do and men don’t. - The social construction of sexualityo Chauncey: trade/fairieso Herdt: the Sambiao Humphreys: trade; ambisexual; gay; closet queen- The Stonewall Riot (1969): frequent raids on bars populated by gays/lesbians. Stigma attached to being gay or lesbian… so people cowered. Death of Judy Garland days before stonewall and drag queens dressed as Judy Garland around Stonewall. Seen as beginning of modern gay/lesbian movement. Still brought up in contemporary gay/lesbian marches, etc. -