Lecture 02, 28 Aug 2003Chapters 2, 3, and 4Vertebrate PhysiologyECOL 437University of ArizonaFall 2003instr: Kevin Boninet.a.: Bret Pasch1. 3x5 cards, Syllabus, Photos2. Vertebrate PhysiologyAdaptationHomeostasisFeedbackMethods3. Important physical andchemical properties4. MembranesVertebrate Physiology 437Vertebrate PhysiologyIntegrationStructure and FunctionCells, tissues, organs, organ systemsPatternsPrinciplesIllustrative ExamplesAdaptationAdaptationAcclimation (laboratory)AcclimatizationEvolution by natural selectionModification in response to environment withina lifetime (reversibility?)Similar to acclimatization but more artificialEcologyEvolution(natural selection)AdaptationRe: AdaptationPlasticityOntogenetic, environmentalHomeostasisThe role of physiology?milieu interiorscale?temperaturesalinity[glucose]pH[ion]pO2temperaturesalinity[glucose]pH[ion]pO2Regulator…Temp. salinity [glucose] pH [ion] pO2e.g.:Homeostasis(scale)Feedback Loopsnegativeset point (can be reset)positivehomeostasisless common-voiding-pregnancy-congestive heart failure-nerv transductionScientific LiteratureMethods Chapter TwoHypothesis-In the form of a statement-Educated guess (air vs. water, diff’t life stages)-Testable (experimental design)“CO2 is eliminated as bicarbonate ion intadpoles but as gaseous CO2 in adult frogs.“In chapter 2 you may skip the moleculartechniques section (pp; 18-36)Methods Chapter TwoKrogh principleFor many physiological questions, there is ananimal model ideally suited to answer it.Xenopus eggsGiant squid axonsSea raven (fish) heart Kangaroo rat kidneyHorned lizard dietGenetic engineering (diabetic mice, knockouts, obesity, etc.)B. Organ-level Approaches- Heart in petri dish- Muscle prep in force transducer - Everted sleeve technique for intestinal studye.g. GlucoseabsorptionC. Organism-level Approaches- BehaviorC. Organism-level Approaches- MetabolismMetabolicChambersC. Organism-level Approaches- MetabolismGas AnalysisC. Organism-level Approaches- Integrative- Physiological State- Sleeping- Resting- Alert- Exercising- Stress-level- Age- Sex- Season- Reproductive Condition- Fasting or Fed- RMR- BMRC. Organism-level ApproachesMid-Lecture Question (MLQ)In small groups of about 3 students:How would you design an experiment to testthe hypothesis that saltwater crocodiles areosmoconformers?ORHow would you ascertain whether or not theextra-long loops of Henle in Kangaroo Ratkidneys were an adaptation to their deserthabitat and lifestyle?- water, molecules, energy, etc.H2O- Origins of Life- Universal Solvent- Polar Covalent Bonds- Dipole- H bonds between molecules- high specific heat- transient and weak, but manyChapter Three- surface tension, cohesiveness- Density changes- electrolytes dissociate- Solvation/Hydration-Nonreactive with nonpolare.g., fatsWater as a Solvent- hydrophobic- hydrophilic-amphipathic moleculese.g., micellesPhospholipid bilayersIn Water:1 M if take 1 mol substance and add water to make 1 L- Molarity ( not = molality)- Colligative PropertiesSolutions:Total number of particles-Osmotic Pressure-Freezing Point-Boiling Point - OsmolaritySum of colligative particlesDissociation tendency important- 10 mM NaCl with similar osmolarity of 20 mM GluStrong vs. weak electrolytes (cations and anions)In 1L pure water at 25ºC, 1.0 x 10-7 of eachHydronium Ion = H3O+Acid (HA) donates a protonIonization of Water, pHBase (A-) accepts a protonWater can do both, amphotericHydroxyl Ion = OH-Equivalent to pH = 7; pH = -log10[H+]Neutral pH (pN) changeswith temp:As temp increasespN >7 and vice versaMid-Lecture Question (MLQ)In small groups of about 3 students:How is pH important to the biological activity ofionized groups such as amino acids (and theirside chains) and proteins (including enzymes)?Part Deux:How do buffers and homeostasis play a role inthe above topic?End3x5 cardName (and what you prefer to be called)-distinguishing characteristicsEmail address Year in schoolMajorRelevant courses taken, or research projects, etc.Why are you taking this course?Discussion section: 9 (=morning) or 2 (=afternoon) on Wed.Hold onto card til