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ACC BIOL 1308 - Lecture Notes

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Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition1.1 The Characteristics of LifeSlide 3Slide 4Slide 5Living Things:1.2 The Classification of Living ThingsSlide 8DomainsDomain ArchaeaDomain BacteriaDomain EukaryaCategories of ClassificationSlide 14Slide 15Slide 16Scientific NamesKnow for test1.3 The Organization of the BiosphereEcosystemsSlide 21The Human SpeciesBiodiversityA Coral Reef EcosystemSlide 251.4 The Process of ScienceFlow Diagram of the Scientific Method (know for test)Scientific TheoryExamples of Theories in Biology Know for testThe Process of Science A Controlled StudySlide 31Slide 32An ExperimentSlide 34Slide 35An Experiment - Note: data is quantified and expressed graphicallySlide 371.5 Science and Social ResponsibilityInquiry into LifeTwelfth EditionChapter 1Lecture PowerPoint to accompanySylvia S. MaderCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.1.1 The Characteristics of Life•Biology – Science of Living things–Bio – Life•Logos – Word of, knowledge•** A laboratory science** You live in your own unique Lab (and you experiment all the time)1.1 The Characteristics of Life•Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth.1.1 The Characteristics of Life•Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth. •Earth possesses a great variety of diverse life forms.1.1 The Characteristics of Life•Life exists almost everywhere on the planet Earth. •Earth possesses a great variety of diverse life forms.•All living things have certain characteristics in common.Living Things:•Are organized•Acquire materials and energy•Reproduce•Respond to stimuli•Are homeostatic•Grow and develop•Have the capacity to adapt1.2 The Classification of Living Things•Science of Taxonomy - Classification of living organisms based on similarities•Not exciting, not fun, but sometimes we have to “Just do It”•Hierarchical – from top to bottom•A specific name for an organism, like Homo sapiens or E. coli, represents the very specific type of organism – bottom of scheme1.2 The Classification of Living Things•Living organisms are assigned to groups based upon their similarities.•Systematics is the discipline of indentifying and classifying organisms.Domains•The highest – largest category, recent addition•3 domains–1. Archaea – ancient “bacteria”, unicellular like bacteria, also simple cell structure (prokaryote – no nucleus) but have distinct metabolism (chemistry) allowing them to exist in “extreme” environments–2. Bacteria – unicellular, prokaryote, found everywhere–3. Eukarya – unicellular to multicellular, complex and organized cells with nuclei and organelles (mitochondria)Domain Archaea•Archaea are single- celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. - Prokaryote•Archaea can be found in environments that are too hostile for other life forms.Domain Bacteria•Bacteria are single- celled organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus. (Prokaryote also)•Bacteria are found almost everywhere on the planet Earth.Domain Eukarya•The cells of all eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus. Members of the Domain Eukarya are further categorized into one of four Kingdoms. (know these kingdoms)Categories of ClassificationDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesCategories of ClassificationDomain - DumbKingdom - KingPhylum - PhilipClass – Came Order - OverFamily - ForGenus - GoodSpecies - __Spaghetti?Categories of ClassificationDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpeciesLeast inclusiveMost inclusiveCategories of ClassificationScientific Names•Binomial (two name) Genus first and first letter capitalized, then species not capitalized. If written or typed – either underline or italicize–Genus name, species name –Homo sapiens - italicized–Homo troglodytis (Your EX?) – underlined–Canis familiaris – Your puppy (except poodles)–Felis domesticus – Your Kitty (some strange people have to have Felis leo or Felis tigris)–Canis latrans – Invites your kitty over for lunch–Canis lupus - ____________? guessKnow for test•3 domains Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya•4 Eukarya Kingdoms–Protista – Protozoans like Ameba and Paramecium (producers and consumers)–Fungi – yeasts, molds, mushrooms (consumers)–Plants – complex producers, trees, grasses–Animals – complex consumers1.3 The Organization of the Biosphere•Biosphere –The zone of air, land, and water at the surface of the Earth where living organisms are found.•Population (groups of individuals of a species in a given area)•Community (populations of different species that interact)•Ecosystem (interactions of communities plus the physical habitat)EcosystemsEcosystems are characterized by:Chemical cycling - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, etc.Energy flow – light, to chemical energy, to heatEcosystemsThe Human Species•Humans depend on healthy ecosystems for our own survival.•The human species modifies ecosystems for own purposes.•Preservation of ecosystems is important to ensure our continued existence.Biodiversity•Total number of species•30 million different species?–The variability in their genes•Remarkably genetically similar - genomics–The ecosystems in which they live – many ecosystems are adversely affected by humans (our recent vacation to St. Johns revealed significant change in the coral reef ecosystem) *enjoy, but “tread lightly”)A Coral Reef EcosystemEcosystems•The Earth may be losing as many as 400 species per day due to human activities.1.4 The Process of Science•Biology is the scientific study of life.•The process of science uses the scientific method.Flow Diagram of the Scientific Method (know for test)Scientific Theory•A scientific theory is a concept supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and conclusions.Examples of Theories in BiologyKnow for test•See pg 11•Cell – all life is “cellular”, new life comes from previous cells (viruses, prions?)•Homeostasis – stable internal environment•Gene – code, units of heredity, DNA•Ecosystem - organisms within an environment are interrelated (circle of Life – hakuna matata)•Evolution – organisms genetically change, and pass genes on to offspring, best fit to surviveThe Process of ScienceA Controlled Study•Experiments in controlled studies have two types of groups:•Control Group (for comparison)•Experimental Group ( 1


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