Danziger, Chapters 9 - 12Danziger, Chapter 9Public Policy: is any decision or action by a governmental authority that results in the allocation of a value (Danziger p.232)The Elite ApproachThe Italian Application of the Elite ApproachThe American Application of the Elite ApproachRuling EliteThe Value Allocation (policy) ProcessThe Class ApproachThe Group ApproachFunctions of Government in the Group ApproachDanziger, Chapter 10: Change and Political DevelopmentThe Process of Development: economic, social, and political.- Response to Key Challenges as part of the process of development:Processes of Development, continuedSlide 16Slide 17The Dynamics of Economic DevelopmentSlide 19continuedThe Dependency ApproachPolitical DevelopmentModels of Political DevelopmentSlide 24Democratization used as a tool to measure Political Development?Economic Development a Necessary Prerequisite for Democracy?World of ChangesPolitical Institutionalization and Political DecayAdditional goals of Political development:Chapter 11: Politics Across BordersSlide 31Three Major Goals of States (Danziger, pp. 294-295)Slide 33Slide 34Mechanisms of Cooperation Between States (Danziger pp. 279-282)International Law, Legal Structures, and International Organizations (pp. 306)The International Court of Justice (World Court) located in The HagueWorld Court continuedInternational OrganizationsCompetition Among StatesSlide 41Domination and DependenceSlide 43Slide 44GlobalizationChapter 12: Political Violence: the use of actual physical violence or very serous threats of such violence to achieve political goalsTypes of Political Violence, continued (Danziger pp. 334-344)Revolution: is the rapid and fundamental transformation of the political system [p. 344]Four Broad Strategies that can be employed to achieve a revolutionConditions for Revolution:Six uses of Force between StatesWhat Causes War?Evaluating Political ViolenceDanziger, Chapters 9 - 12Presented byAngela Oberbauer  2011Danziger, Chapter 9 Politics as a Value Politics as a Value Allocation ProcessAllocation ProcessPublic Policy: is any decision or action by a governmental authority that results in the allocation of a value (Danziger p.232)•Policy Process:•Problem Identification•Problem Definition•Specification of alternative responses•Policy selection and enactment•Policy implementation•Policy Evaluation•Policy continuation/modification/termnationThe Elite Approach•Key Concepts:1. Politics is defined as the struggle forpower.2. The Political World is characterized byPolitical Stratification.The Italian Application of the Elite ApproachMosca, et al “The Ruling Class”(1896/1939)All Political systems have two strata:a. The Political Class (the elite): controls all political functions, holds virtually all political power, and dominates the allocation of values.Primary base of Elite domination: military power, then religious control, then economic power, and most recentlytechnical knowledge.b. The nonpolitical classthe mass.(Danziger, p. 239)The American Application of theElite ApproachC. Wright Mills, et al (1956):a. The Power Elite in American Society are:1. The “warlords” in the military establishment.2. The “corporation chieftains” in the economic sector.3. The “political directorate” at the top positions in the political system. (Danziger, p. 239)Ruling Elite Understructure (government)The MassThe Value Allocation (policy) Process1. The active elites are subject to little direct influence from the mass or even from the understructure of government.2. The understructure follows the elite’s instructions because its members depend wholly on the elite’s power and resources for having and keeping their positions, and for any authority the understructure maintains in the eyes of the Mass.3. The mass is politically apathetic and impotent and policy is imposed upon them.The Class ApproachConcepts within the Class Approach:1. Stratification, the basic fact of“structured inequality”.2. Class: a. The ruling class or capitalist class (Karl Marx, 1818-1883).b. The proletariat class or non-ruling class.3. Class Conflict: inevitable rebellions by the suppressed class, even possible revolution because of continued disparities between classesand the allocation of values.The Group ApproachKey Concepts:1. A group is made up of members with shared or common interests.2. All group members may belong to multiple groups. 3. Individuals are not stratified.4. The groups or individual’s resources may be used to influence the political system.5. Politics can be understood as the interaction or competition among groups to have access to government and achieve their political interests through beneficial policymaking.Functions of Government in the Group Approach•To establish the rules of the game for the group struggle.•To determine the interests of competing groups and the levels of political resources the competing groups have to offer and can be utilized.•To find a public policy that balances the positions ofall active groups. -To enact public policy that balances these positions.-To implement the resulting value allocations.Danziger, Chapter 10: Change andPolitical DevelopmentCharacteristics of “More Developed” SocialSystems must include:1. The organizational dimension: 2. The technological dimension:3. The attitudinal dimension:The Process of Development: economic, social, and political.•Stage Development: traditional and modern, mechanical and organic, folk and urban, less developed and more developed. Marx: “…society’s particular stage of development depends upon which individuals share control jointly over any available productive resources…” in other words, history or logic reveals a single, inevitable sequence of stages.- Response to Key Challenges as part of the process of development:Macro-level structural dynamics and how they occur:1. The tension between traditional ideas and values and modern ones.2. The transition from a rural, agrarian society to an urban, industrial society.3. The transfer of social and political power from traditional elites to modernizing ones.4. The fit among geographical territory, national identities, and state boundaries (Barrington Moore (1966), in Danziger)Processes of Development, continued•Micro-level dynamics/or individual-level change (Danziger: in other words, the attitudinal dimension:--this perspective