11Prejudice, Pt. 2Psy 240; Spring 2006Purdue UniversityDr. Kipling Williams2Foundations of Prejudice• Robber’s Cave Experiment(Sherif et al., 1954)– 22 boys who signed up for summercamp at Robber’s Cave State Parkin Oklahoma.– Separated friends• “Rattlers” vs. “Eagles”– Common enemy: Failed watersupply• Minimal groups (Tajfel, 1970)– Arbitrary assignment to groups• Ingroup favoritism / Outgroupderogation• Outgroup homogeneity• Baised resource allocation• Meta-contrast ratioKleeKandinskyMuzafer SherifHenri Tajfel23Consequences of Prejudice• Allport-Postman(1945) KnifeMigration– Rumor transmission– Seven retellingsyielded about 1/2 thestories showing knifemigration.4Automatic Responses• Eberhardt et al, 2004,“Seeing Black: Race,Crime, and VisualProcessing”– Primed with Black (butnot White) facesincreases speed fordetecting degradedimages of weapons (butnot for crime-irrelevantobjects).Study 1, JPSP, 87, 876-893.35Police Officer’s Dilemma• Correll, Park, & Judd, JPSP, 2002• Created a videogame where AfricanAmerican or White targets held guns orcell phones or wallets.• Instructed to “shoot the bad guy, don’tshoot the good guy”– Study 1: Participants fired on an armedtarget more quickly when he was AfricanAmerican– Study 2: Participants failed to shootarmed White target more than armedAfrican American target; shot unarmedAfrican American target more.– Study 3: Effects stronger for participantswho hold stronger African-American--aggression associations.6IAT: Implicit Associations• Govan & Williams, JESP, 2004– In examining importance of stimulus items in the IAT• Reversed insect-flower preference by using positivelyvalenced insects and negatively valenced flowers:– rose, daffodil, daisy, violet, poppy– nettles, skunkweed, Venus flytrap, poison ivy, weed• BUT, only eliminated anti-Black associations by using onlydespised Whites, and liked Blacks– Theo, Leroy Tyrone, Lakisha, Ebony / Chip, Josh, Todd, Amber,Betsy– Michael Jordan, Bill Cosby, Eddie Murphy, Cathy Freeman,Ernie Dingo / Charles Manson, Adolph Hitler, Hannibal Lechter,Pauline Hanson, Martin Bryant47Face Morphing• Hugenberg & Bodenhausen, 2003– African American or White faces morphing from anger tohappiness– Anger “lingers longer” for African American faces– This effect is more pronounced for participants who show implicitprejudice.8Issues to Consider• Subtle bias is more pervasive and has more of an impact(cumulatively) than blatant bias• Cumulative effect for the individual over a lifetime– How useful or helpful are thin-slice investigations? (Black.White,Black Like Me)• One person’s biases has large cumulative impact over lotsof