Formation of GroupsSlide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Marriage and FamilySlide 11Slide 12Formation of GroupsMarriage and FamilyMarriage and FamilyMarriage…one variable in the formation of kinship groups (affinal relatives). The other is descent (consanguineal relatives). Marriage“…a relationship between one or more men (male or female) and one or more women (male or female) recognized by the society as having a continuing claim to the right of sexual access to one another” (Haviland 2003:514).Marriage/MatingMating is biological, marriage is cultural” (Haviland 2003:507)….“Because gender is culturally defined, the ‘man’ may be a female, or the ‘woman’ may be a male (Haviland 2003:507).”Marriage and FamilyConjugal bondAffines - relatives by marriageConsanguineal kin - relatives by birthIncest taboo - very strong prohibition against mating within particular group.MonogamyPolygamyPolygynyPolyandryOne spouseMultiple husbandsMultiple spousesMultiple wivesRules of MarriageExogamyEndogamyMarry inside groupMarry outside groupIncest tabooStrong prohibition against marriage inside groupMarriage and FamilyMarriage and FamilyLevirate - “brother marriage”Sororate - “sister marriage”…Either of the above may be “anticipatory”Marriage and FamilyParallel-cousin (= Cousin) Marriageego's father's brother's children or mother's sister's children.Marriage and FamilyX Cousin Marriage in Matrilineal Societies Sometimes prescriptive (should)Sometimes proscriptive (must)adoptionfictiveMarriage and FamilyCross-cousin (X Cousin) Marriageego's father's sister's children or mother's brother's children.Marriage and FamilySex and Marriage Across Cultures Trobriand IslandsNew GuineaGreeceMarriage and FamilyFamily “…in anthropological terms, it is a group composed of a woman, her dependent children, and at least one adult man joined through marriage or blood relationship” (Haviland 2003: 537).Note on co-operation: Human beings, indeed all social animals, are innately co-operative.So far…… The “family” continues to be the most universal form of human social organization.FamilyrelativesNuclear families independence trainingExtended families dependence trainingMarriage and FamilyMarriage and FamilyTraditional functions of familiesEmotional nurturanceEconomic Co-operationSex controlEnculturationPhysical