Palomar HIST 102 - HIST 102 Outline - The Winds of Change

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The Great WarIronies of “War for Democracy: Economic & PoliticalHistory 102 Outline IIThe Winds of ChangeThe "Forgettable Five": Rutherford B. Hayes, James A Garfield, Chester A. Arthur, Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison1877-1881: Hayes (Republican)Withdrawal from the South & ReconstructionRocoe Conkling's (NY) Stalwarts ("Machinists")James G. Blaine's (Maine) Reformers (“Half-Breeds”)Patronage, Failed Civil Reform, "Lemonade Lucy" 1881- July 2, 1881 James A Garfield (Republican, Half-Breed)V.P.: Chester A. Arthur (Stalwart / Conklingite)Pendleton Act of 1883: Civil Service ReformRepublican Rift of 1884: James Blaine Nominated; "Mugwumps" bolt partyDemocrats: Grover Cleveland, the "Veto Governor" of New YorkDr. Samuel Buchard, "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" charge against Democrats1888: The Tariff Issue: Democrats against protection, Republicans for protectionElection of 1888:Cleveland gets 100,000 more popular votes, loses Electoral College 233 to 168President Harrison: Sherman Antitrust Act (and interstate commerce)McKinley Act of 1890Democratic Sweep of 1892, return of ClevelandThe Agrarian RevoltWilson-Gorman Tariff Bill (added 2% income tax on all income over $4,000)Supreme Court Response to Wilson-Gorman(16th amendment in 1913)1886: The "Wabash" Case: Wabash, St. Louis, and Pacific Railway Co. v. IllinoisNarrowing of interpretations of interstate commerce1887: Interstate Commerce Act, Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)Long & Short haul equity, Publishing Rates1867 National Grange of the Patrons of Husbandry, Oliver KelleyThe Granger's Goals:1. Scientific Agriculture2. Feeling of Community3. Marketing CooperativesHistory 102 p. 1 Outline II: Winds of Change4. State Legislatures in Midwest, Railroad Rates1875: Texas Farmers, others: Farmer's Alliance Movement1. Cooperatives2. Stores3. Banks4. Processing Plants5. Cooperation ("neighborly responsibility")1889: Ocala, Florida: The Ocala DemandsAlliance Endorsements-12 state legislatures, 6 Governors, 50 representatives, 3 SenatorsBirth of The People's Party (Populism) at Omaha 1892 Convention1,500 local Populist officials in 1892, James Weaver gets 8.5% pop vote, 22 electoralWhat did the Populists Want?1. Subtreasuries (warehouses)2. Abolish National Banks3. No more absentee land ownership4. Direct election of Senators5. Regulation or government ownership of Railroads, Telegraphs, Telephones6. Gradated Income Tax7. Inflation of Currency8. "Remonetization" of Silver*Panic of 1893Reading and Philadelphia Railroad Failure: Lasts until 1898Jacob Coxey: Coxey's ArmyThe Silver Issue: What bases currency?Bimetalism: The old way1870: Official Mint Ratio 16:1 (silver: gold) ve Market Ratio (Rose above 16)1873: Discontinues Silver CoinsLate 1870s: Silver drops below 16; the "Crime of '73"Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1893: Cleveland calls for repealElection of 1896Republicans: Gold Standard (European Agreement to silver): William McKinleyDemocrats: Warring Platforms; final speaker in convention William Jennings BryanBryan's "Cross of Gold" Speech; the Populist Plight History 102 p. 2 Outline II: Winds of ChangeBryan's political stumping; Republican outspend $7 million to $300,0001897: President William McKinleyDingley Tariff (return to protectionism)Currency Act of 1900 (Gold)Questions of the Populist Movement:1. Anti-Semitic?2. The interracial experiment / failure3. Populist Failure4. Who were Populists?5. Populism's LegacyHistory 102 p. 3 Outline II: Winds of ChangeThe Rise of Imperial AmericaThe New Manifest Destiny: Racial Social DarwinismAlfred Tahyer Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890)Thesis: 2 coasts, reliance on colonies1890: move to 5th largest navy; 1898: 3rd largest navy1889: Secretary of State James Blaine, Pan-American Congress1895: Venezuela and British Guiana border dispute: "Violation of Monroe Doctrine"Hawaii: 1875 Duty-Free Sugar1887 Pearl Harbor base on OahuSamoa: Pago Pago, the US, Germany, Britain1895: Cuban Revolt against Spain (in part due to Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894, effect on sugar); Valeriano "The Butcher" Wayler: Hearst, Pulitzer1895: McKinley more interventionist than Cleveland had been, conflict dying down1897: The Dupuy de Lome (Spanish Minister) incidentThe destruction of the Maine1898: Attempt at armistice and Peace, but Spain refuses to negotiate with rebelsApril 25, 1898: Spanish-American War (Ends August 12, 1898; Armistice in Dec)"Splendid Little War" vs. racial conflictsAsst. Sec. Of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt: Commodore George Dewey, the PhilippinesCharge of Kettle Hill (San Juan Hill) Rough RidersCuba, Puerto Rico, Guam: Question of the PhilippinesThe unusual fight: Twain, Carnegie, Gompers: The role of William Jennings Bryan1900 Election: Bryan vs. McKinleyTerritorial Status: Hawaii 1900, Alaska 1912, Puerto Rice 1917Cuba: The Platt Amendment (1901)The Philippine War: 1898-1902 (Capture of Emilio Aguinaldo, Gen. Arthur MacArthur)China: Sec. Of State John Hay, the "Open Door Notes" Sent to Russia, Germany, Italy, England, Japan, France"Spheres of Influence", the tariffBoxer Rebellion of 1900History 102 p. 4 Outline II: Winds of ChangeElihu Root and the modern military (1900-1903)Fort Levenworth Army Staff College, General Staff (Joint Chiefs of Staff)PROGRESSIVISMTraits:1. Optimistic2. Improvement and Perfection3. State InterventionFlavors of Intervention:1. Anti-monopoly (Economic)2. The Social Order (Social)3. Efficient Organized Society (Political)The Muckrakers: "Social Gospel"Lincoln Steffans, McClure's, The Shame of the CityReligion and Reform: Salvation Army, Charles Sheldon In His StepsSettlement House MovementThe question of "the Effects of the Environment"1889: Hull House, Jane Addams Social Work, Eleanor RooseveltScientific Management, love of expertise, "Taylorism"Rise of the "New Middle Class":The professions: Professional SocietiesGenderization of Professions (Teachers)Women's ClubsMove for Progressive Political ReformStrategies:1. Move from Australian to Secret Ballot2. Municipal Reform (Galveston, TX, 1900)Nonpartisan Commissions City Manager Models3. Turn to State Level, but not legislaturesInitiatives, ReferendumsPrimariesHistory 102 p. 5 Outline II: Winds of ChangeThe Recall Election4. National Reform: Slower: 1912-13 Seventeenth Amendment(Direct Election of Senate)Success Governors:Woodrow Wilson (New Jersey, anti-trust)Hiram Johnson (California, Southern Pacific)Robert M. LaFollette of WisconsinRegulation of railroads, utilities,


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Palomar HIST 102 - HIST 102 Outline - The Winds of Change

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