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An Age of Nationalism and Realism,

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Chapter 22TimelineThe France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic EmpireForeign Policy: The Mexican AdventureForeign policy: Crimean WarMap 22.1: Decline of the Ottoman EmpireThe Crimean WarNational Unification: ItalyMap 22.2: The Unification of ItalyNational Unification: GermanyFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871)Map 22. 3: The Unification of GermanyMap 22.4: Europe in 1871The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual MonarchyMap 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual MonarchyImperial RussiaGreat Britain: The Victorian AgeNation Building: North AmericaMap 22.6: The United States: The West and the Civil WarIndustrialization on the ContinentMarx and MarxismA New Age of ScienceCharles Darwin and the Theory of Organic EvolutionA Revolution in Health CareScience and the Study of SocietyRealism in Literature and ArtMusic: The Twilight of RomanticismDiscussion QuestionsWeb LinksChapter 22An Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850 - 1871TimelineThe France of Napoleon III: Louis Napoleon & the 2nd Napoleonic EmpireLouis Napoleon: Toward the Second EmpireNational Assembly rejected his call for revision of constitution to allow him to stand for reelectionResponded by seizing government by forceRestored universal male suffrage and asked that the empire be restoredAssumed the title of Napoleon III, December 2, 1852The Second Napoleonic EmpireAuthoritarian governmentEarly domestic policies•Economic prosperity•Reconstruction of ParisBaron HaussmannLiberalization of the regime in the face of oppositionForeign Policy: The Mexican Adventure Sent troops to Mexico in 1861 to intervene in struggle between Mexican liberals and conservativesFrench forces remained after order had been restoredInstalled Archduke Maximilian of Austria as emperor in 1864Maximilian overthrown and executed in 1867Foreign policy: Crimean WarThe Ottoman EmpireDisintegration of the Ottoman Empire•Encroachment of the Russian Empire•Loss of territoryThe WarRussian demand to protect Christian shrines (Privilege already given to the French)Ottomans refuse; Russia invades Moldavia and WallachiaTurks declare war, October 4, 1853Britain and France declare war on Russia, March 28, 1854Destroys the Concert of EuropeWar ends in March, 1856Political effects of the warMap 22.1: Decline of the Ottoman EmpireThe Crimean WarNational Unification: ItalyKingdom of PiedmontVictor Emmanuel II (1849-1878) of Kingdom of PiedmontCount Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861)Napoleon III’s alliance with Piedmont, 1858War with Austria, 1859Northern states join PiedmontGuiseppi Garibaldi (1807-1882)The Red ShirtsInvasion of Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, 1860Kingdom of Italy, March 17, 1861Annexation of Venetia, 1866Annexation of Rome, 1870Map 22.2: The Unification of ItalyNational Unification: GermanyWilliam I, 1861-1888Wanted military reformsOtto von Bismarck (1815-1898)Reorganization of the armyRealpolitikThe Danish War (1864)Schleswig and HolsteinJoint administration with AustriaAustro-Prussian War (1866)Austrian defeat at Königgratz, July 3, 1866North German ConfederationMilitary agreements with PrussiaFranco-Prussian War (1870-1871)Dispute with France over the throne of SpainFrench declaration of war, July 15, 1870Battle of Sedan, September 2, 1870Siege of Paris, capitulates January 28, 1871Southern German states join Northern German ConfederationWilliam I proclaimed kaiser, January 8, 1871, of the Second German EmpireMap 22. 3: The Unification of GermanyMap 22.4: Europe in 1871The Austrian Empire: Toward a Dual MonarchyAusgleich, Compromise, 1867 Creates a dual monarchyGerman and Magyars dominate minoritiesFrancis Joseph Emperor of Austria/King of HungarySome things in held in commonOther minoritiesMap 22.5: Ethnic Groups in the Dual MonarchyImperial RussiaAlexander II, 1855-1881Emancipation of serfs, March 3, 1861Problems with emancipationZemstvos (local assemblies)Growing dissatisfactionAssassination of Alexander II (1881)Alexander III (1881-1894)•Return to traditional methods of repressionGreat Britain: The Victorian AgeDid not experience revolts in 1848 ReformsEconomic growthQueen Victoria (1837 – 1901) reflected the ageBenjamin Disraeli (1804-1881)Extension of voting rightsReform Act, 1867William Gladstone (first administration, 1868 – 1874)Liberal reformsEducation Act of 1870Nation Building: North AmericaThe United States: Civil War and ReunionDifferences between North and South•The cotton economyElection of Abraham Lincoln, secession of South Carolina, 1860Civil War, 1861-1865•North has the advantage•Grant and Lee and the war’s endEmergence of the Canadian NationBy 1800 want more autonomyBy 1837 several groups rebelled The Dominion of Canada, 1867Map 22.6: The United States: The West and the Civil WarIndustrialization on the ContinentContinental industrialization comes of age (1850 – 1871)Mechanization of textile and cotton industriesGrowth of iron industriesElimination of trade barriersGovernment support and financingMarx and MarxismKarl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto, 1848History is the history of class struggleStages of historyEnd result of history is a classless societyAfter 1848 Revolutions, Marx went to LondonMarx, Das KapitalInternational Working Men’s Association, 1864Internal problemsA New Age of ScienceDevelopment of the steam engine led to science of relationship between heat and mechanical energyLouis Pasteur – germ theory of diseaseDmitri Mendeleyev – atomic weights Michael Faraday – generatorScience and MaterialismCharles Darwin and the Theory of Organic EvolutionCharles Darwin (1809-1882)On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, 1859•All plants and animals have evolved over a long period of time•Those who survived had adapted to the environmentThe Descent of Man, 1871Ideas highly controversial; gradually acceptedA Revolution in Health CarePasteur and GermsNew Surgical PracticesJoseph ListerNew Public Health Care MeasuresPublic hygieneNew Medical SchoolsWomen and Medical SchoolsElizabeth Blackwell (1821 – 1910)Science and the Study of SocietyAuguste Comte (1798 – 1857)System of Positive Philosophy Positive knowledgePrimacy of sociologyRealism in Literature and ArtThe Realistic NovelRejected RomanticismGustave Flaubert (1821-1880), Madame Bovary, 1857William Thackeray (1811-1863), Vanity Fair, 1848Charles Dickens (1812-1870)Realism in ArtGustave Courbet (1819-1877)•Portrayal of everyday lifeJean-Francois Millet (1814-1875)•Scenes from


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