PLEASE NOTE: The following selection from The Yale Law Journal is not paginated and should not be used for citation purposes. A paginated version of the selection may be purchased from The Yale Law Journal.This selection from The Yale Law Journal is not paginated and should not be used for citation purposes. The Yale Law Journal [Vol. 112: Article Chaos and Rules: Should Responses to Violent Crises Always Be Constitutional? Oren Gross† CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... II. DEMOCRACY AND STATES OF EMERGENCY: A TENSION OF “TRAGIC DIMENSIONS” .................................................... A. Action over Deliberation.................................................................... B. Judicial Deference ............................................................................. C. Public Support, Temporal Duration, and “Otherness”..................... D. Perceptions and Misperceptions........................................................ † Associate Professor, University of Minnesota Law School. Parts of this Article were prepared while I was a visiting scholar at the Law and Public Affairs Program at Princeton University and a visiting professor at the Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law. Earlier drafts were presented at the University of Baltimore, Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, Cornell University, the University of Minnesota, and the University of Texas. I have many to thank for taking the time to comment and suggest improvements to this Article. I would especially like to thank Linda Bosniak, Dale Carpenter, David Dyzenhaus, Christopher Eisgruber, Dan Farber, Sanford Levinson, Lance Liebman, David McGowan, Fionnuala Ni Aolain, Michael Paulsen, Wilfred Prest, Steven Ratner, Fred Schauer, William Scheuerman, and Philip Weiser. Finally, my thanks to Anne Troy for her tireless research assistance. If, despite so much good advice, this Article is neither better nor shorter, it is only due to my own limitations.This selection from The Yale Law Journal is not paginated and should not be used for citation purposes. 2003] Chaos and Rules III. KEEPING THE LAW ON OUR SIDE: CONSTITUTIONAL MODELS OF EMERGENCY POWERS ............................. A. The Business as Usual Model ............................................................ 1. “It is imperative that the trains run on schedule.” ..................... 2. Challenges and Justifications...................................................... a. The Charge of Hypocrisy...................................................... b. Absolutism and Resistance.................................................... i. Constitutional Absolutism and Perfection...................... ii. A Strategy of Resistance................................................. iii. Myths, Symbolism, and Ideals ........................................ iv. Slippery Slopes ............................................................... 3. Courage and Relevancy: Ex parte Milligan ................................ B. Models of Accommodation................................................................. 1. “Each crisis brings its word and deed.”..................................... a. Interpretative Accommodation.............................................. b. Legislative Accommodation.................................................. i. Modifying Ordinary Laws .............................................. ii. Special Emergency Legislation ...................................... c. Executive Inherent Powers ................................................... 2. Challenges and Justifications...................................................... IV. THE ASSUMPTION OF SEPARATION .......................................................... A. Normalcy and Emergency: The Discourse of Rule and Exception................................................ B. Four Degrees of Separation............................................................... 1. Sequencing and Temporal Distinctions: Separating the Best and the Worst of Times................................ 2. It’s a Bad World out There (I): Spatial Distinctions ..................................................................... 3. It’s a Bad World out There (II): Domestic and Foreign Affairs ..................................................... 4. Communal Divisions: Us vs. Them ............................................. C. The Breakdown of the Normalcy-Emergency Dichotomy.................. 1. Normalization of the Extraordinary ............................................ 2. Increasing Dosages ..................................................................... 3. One Can Get Used to This........................................................... 4. Persistence of Judicial Precedents.............................................. 5. Structural and Institutional Changes .......................................... V. THE EXTRA-LEGAL MEASURES MODEL................................................... A. Ethic of Political Responsibility......................................................... 1. Locke’s Theory of the Prerogative Power...................................This selection from The Yale Law Journal is not paginated and should not be used for citation purposes. The Yale Law Journal [Vol. 112: 2. Theory: Searching for “Moral Politicians”................................ 3. Practice: “Casting Behind Metaphysical Subtleties”................. 4. Ex Post Ratification..................................................................... B. Challenges and Justifications ............................................................ 1. A Nation Worth Saving?.............................................................. 2. Acting upon Great Occasions...................................................... a. Warning: You Are Now Entering an Emergency Zone. Usual Categories of Judgment No Longer Apply!................ b. The (Not So) Obvious Case for Rule Departures.................. i. Crossing the Threshold (and Giving Reasons for It)............................................ ii. Open and Informed Public Deliberation........................ iii. Precedents: Hard Cases Make Bad Law........................ VI. CONCLUSION: FAITH AND MICROSCOPES ................................................ Books on