1proximaldistallateralmedialsuperior(cranial)inferior(caudal)anterior(ventral)NOT SHOWNposterior(dorsal)Directional TermsDistal - farther from trunk Proximal - closer to trunkLateral - away from midline Medial - closer to midlineAnterior - front side in Posterior - back side inanatomical position anatomical position(ventral) (dorsal)Superior - closer to head Inferior - farther from head(cranial) (caudal)Superficial - closer to Deep - farther from surfacesurfacePlantar - bottom of foot Dorsal - top of foot2PLANEPLANE -- a two-dimensional surface defined by 3 pointsnot on the same line (i.e. not colinear)pt 1pt 2pt 3MOTION OCCURS “IN A PLANE”PLANESLeg Swing during gait (walking/running)PlaneEven though leg has considerable thickness - only consider thejoint centers and the lines connecting them; so “thin” segmentsdefine the leg which swings “IN THE PLANE”3PLANEAXISMOTION OCCURS “ABOUT AN AXIS”AXIS -- a line passing perpendicularly through a planeAXESLeg Swing during gait (walking/running)AXISAXIS PASSES THROUGH JOINT CENTER4PLANEAXISMotion occurs “IN A PLANE”Motion occurs “ABOUT AN AXIS”Body Planes• Sagittal -- vertical plane that divides the body into RIGHT and LEFT parts• Frontal -- vertical plane that divides the body into ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR parts• Transverse -- horizontal planes that divides the body into CRANIAL and CAUDAL parts5TransversePlaneFrontalPlaneSagittal PlaneBody Planes & AxesSagittal plane rotations occur about a medial-lateral (ML) axisFrontal Plane rotations occur about an anterior-posterior (AP) axisTransverse plane rotations occur about a longitudinal axis67Sagittal Plane Joint Mvmtsflexion = decrease angle between 2 segmentsextension= increase angle between 2 segmentsdorsiflexion= point toes up (towards shin)plantar flexion= point toes down89Frontal Plane Joint Mvmtsabduction = move away from midlineadduction= move towards midlineelevation= move shoulder girdlesuperiorlydepression= move shoulder girdleinferiorlyvalgus= “knock-kneed”varus= “bow-legged”10Frontal Plane Joint Mvmtsinversion = lift medial border of footeversion= lift lateral border of footradial deviation= move toward radialstyloidulnar deviation= move toward ulnar styloidL/R lateral flexion= bend trunk to L/R1112Transverse Plane Joint Mvmts medial rotation = anterior surface rotates medially (also called inward or internal rotation)lateral rotation= anterior surface rotates laterally (also called outward or external rotation)13Transverse Plane Joint Mvmtssupination = rotate palm uppronation= rotate palm downhorizontal abduction= move away from midline in transverse plane (also called horizontal extension)horizontal adduction= move towards midline in transverse plane (also called horizontal