NANOTECHNOLOGY / NANOMECHANICS DEFINITIONS WHY IS NANO INTERESTING? HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY/NANOMECHANICS : TIME LINE THE FIRST TALK ON NANOTECHNOLOGY : "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" (1959) MOVING INDIVIDUAL ATOMS WITH THE SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPE (STM)- 30 Years after Feynaman (1990) IMAGING INDIVIDUAL BIOMACROMOLECULES WITH THE ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE (2003) DIP PEN NANOLITHOGRAPHY: "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" - 40 years later (1999) NANOFABRICATION /NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS: "BOTTOM UP" vs. "TOP DOWN" NANOMECHANICS : CONCEPT OF A CONTINUUM NANOMECHANICS SUBCATEGORIES3.052 Nanomechanics of Materials and Biomaterials 02/06/06 Prof. C. Ortiz, MIT-DMSE I LECTURE 1 : INTRODUCTION TO NANOMECHANICS Outline : NANOTECHNOLOGY / NANOMECHANICS DEFINITIONS ............................................................................... 2 WHY IS NANO INTERESTING?............................................................................................................................... 3 HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY/NANOMECHANICS : TIME LINE............................................................ 4 The First Talk on Nanotechnology: "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" - Richard Feynman (1959)............. 5 Moving Individual Atom s with the Scanning Tunneling Microscope - Don Eigler (1990) ..................................... 6 Imaging Individual Biomacromolecules with the Atomic Force Microscope (2003)............................................... 7Dip Pen Nanolithography : "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" - 40 years later-Chad Mirkin (1999) .............8 NANOFABRICATION /NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS: "BOTTOM-UP" vs. "TOP-DOWN".................... 9 NANOMECHANICS.................................................................................................................................................. 10 Concept of a Continuum.......................................................................................................................................... 10 Subcategories : Contact vs. Noncontact.................................................................................................................. 11 Objectives: To establish the terminology, history, broad concepts, and motivation for course Readings: Course Reader Documents 1-5 Multimedia : Listen to CourseInfo.mp3 for course administrative information, listen to the mp3s, "Tiny Machines" by Richard Feynman, as well as the Introduction mp3 by Prof. Ortiz 13.052 Nanomechanics of Materials and Biomaterials 02/06/06 Prof. C. Ortiz, MIT-DMSE NANOTECHNOLOGY / NANOMECHANICS DEFINITIONS Nanotechnology : "Νανο" derives from the Greek word for dwarf. Technologies dealing with characteristic length scales 1-100 nanometer (1 nm) = 1*10-9 m (one billionth of a meter) →atoms molecules, cells. FactorSymbolPrefix10-1ddeci10-15ffemtoapnμmckMG10-1810-1210-910-610-310-2103106109attopiconanomicromillicentikilomegagigaFactorSymbolPrefix10-1ddeci10-15ffemtoapnμmckMG10-1810-1210-910-610-310-2103106109attopiconanomicromillicentikilomegagiga Molecular Manufacturing / Nanofabrication : Fabrication / modification of structures with nm-scale precision Nanomechanics: Subset of the field of nanotechnology involving nN-scale forces or nm-scale displacements Nanostructured Materials : materials where fundamental constituents are nm-sized Less than a nanometer : individual atoms are up to a few angstroms or up to a few tenths of a nanometer in diameter Thousands of nanometers : Biological cells, like red blood cells, have diameters in this range One nanometer : Ten shoulder-to-shoulder hydrogen atoms (blue balls) span 1 nanometer. DNA molecules are ~ 2.5 Billions of nanometers : A ten meter tall male A Million nanometers : The pinhead sized patch of this thumb (circled in black) Adapted from a Report by the National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Committee on Technology, The Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience, Engineering and Technology (IWGN) (1999) 23.052 Nanomechanics of Materials and Biomaterials 02/06/06 Prof. C. Ortiz, MIT-DMSE WHY IS NANO INTERESTING? 1) Design scale of nature → atoms, proteins, molecules; origins of disease "bio-nano" - can interface with biology 2) Size-dependent nonscalable properties 3) Unique properties 33.052 Nanomechanics of Materials and Biomaterials 02/06/06 Prof. C. Ortiz, MIT-DMSE HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY/NANOMECHANICS : TIME LINE • Democritus in ancient Greece: concept of atom • 1900 : Rutherford : discovery of atomic nucleus • 1959 : Richard Feynman : speech at Caltech "There is plenty of room at the bottom" • 1969 : Invention of Surface Forces Apparatus (SFA) • 1981 : Invention of the Scanning Tunneling Microscope (STM) by Rohrer and Binnig at IBM Zurich (Nobel Prize 1986) • 1982 : First STM atomic resolution by Binnig on Si 7x7 • 1985 : Fullerene " buckyballs" discovered at Rice University (Nobel prize awarded in 1996) • 1986 : Invention of Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) by Binnig, Gerber, and Quate,measurement of 10-12 N forces, K. Eric Drexler "Engines of Creation"- Molecular manufacturing; bottom up & self-assembly and self-replicate, "grey-goo" • 1989 : Invention of Optical Tweezers, first commercially available microfabricated cantilevers for AFMs • 1990 : First commercially available AFMs, Eigler, et al. spells out "IBM" with Xenon atoms • 1992 : First single molecule force spectroscopy experiments (DNA, Bustamante) • 2000 : President Clinton mentions Nanotechnology in his state of the Union address : US National Nanotechnology Initiative since 2000 (14 federal agencies) -$422 M in ’01 (federal), $604 M in ’02, $774 M in ’03, $847 M in ’04 21 Federal agencies • 2004 : Journals: Nanotechnology, Nano Letters, Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology, IEEE Transactions on Nanobioscience ORNL 43.052 Nanomechanics of Materials and Biomaterials 02/06/06 Prof. C. Ortiz, MIT-DMSE THE FIRST TALK ON NANOTECHNOLOGY : "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" (1959) Richard P. Feynman December 29th 1959 (41 y.o.) American Physical Society Meeting (CalTech) : theoretical physicist "Nanotech Prophet" -enormous amounts of information can be carried in an exceedingly small space -scaling down devices
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