11-1International organizations- International organizations: concept, issues, and historyo Beyond force and war, there is cooperation Why?-- realists look to balance of power, assumes it’s about power, - liberals point more to institutions (rules),  International organizations and institutions- create cooperation- International institutions, regimes, and organizationso Int. institutions: institutions are primarily rules. They can be implied or explicit, physical, or understood. We generalize all of the above to institutionso Int. organizations are physical/material. International; organizations exist, they have members, written characters, mandates, etc. they are public and private, governmental (IGO) and non-governmental (NGO) Examples: the UN, the EU, world bank, NAFTA (IGO) Amnesty international, human rights watch (NGO), don’t have the force of a state membership (IGO’s) Mostly looking at IGO’so Int. regimes: Krasner’s definition: rules, norms, and procedures in a given issue area.  Ex. Human rights regime, nuclear non-proliferation regime, environmental regime, free trade regime. Regimes can hold institutions and organizations in any combination. Working together to get something doneo NGOs and IGO NGO’s are non-governmental organizations, states are not members- A lot less power than IGO’s - Provides data for IGO’s- Global, regional, issue specific, restricted IGO’s are our focus- Members are always states- Regional- ASEAN, EU,o International organizations in history Thousands of years Trade leagues, law of the seas, craftsmen guilds, religions and churches Never fully INT until post Westphalia Starts with the beginning of the state system and really destructive war Peace and security are addressed for the first time by IO’s- To avoid doing it againo Selective history of international organizations Concert of Europe: 1815- after French revolutionary war- France, Austria-Hungarian empire, Russia, British, and Germanic stateso French losto Winners: UK, Prussia, Russia, Austria-Hungary Conference system- simple mechanism to avoid the next war: call a conference- those of us included in the system will all sign a contract saying if I go to war the other four must approve it. (UK, Prussia, Russia, Austria-Hungary, and France) - Dominated by individuals- Castlereagh & Metternich (Austria)- Worked for a while (25-30 years), but once C and M are gone conflict breaks out: (Italy, Germany, etc.) Included French, recognized as a great power even after defeat. 11-4- The league of nations (the gigantic, legal, peace and organization formed after WWI to avoid anotherwar) and the rise of idealismo End of concert system- rise of conflict, WWI, etc. o Post WWI- utter devastation: trench warfare, massive casualties, civilians, poison gas, etc. Avoid this, but how? Nov. 1918 armistice signed to agree to no longer fight- Leaves a huge question- what do we do next?o Woodrow Wilson, US president, internationalist: 14 points speech: create a league of nations to make the rules We need a league of all nations to cooperate and avoid another world waro Idea of French to make Germany responsible for their actions or they’ll go back to war Civilians running Germany and don’t want to go back to war France will simply attack Germany  France is looking to solve the waro Paris Peace Conference, Jan. 1919 Treaty of Versailles, Jun. 1919- league is created, France won’t have a league of nations unless Germany signs treaty. Treaty blames Germany for war and says they can’t have an army, navy, pay Britain and France, admit blame, lose a ton of territory, and are prohibited to joining the league and in making any decisions  44 states initially signed and ratified- 75% vote from US senate- Foundation of collective security- everyone is in it together, attack on one, all others will defend, Asia, Africa, Europe- US senate doesn’t want that responsibility , US has to right to sit out the wars- senate will only approve with this revision to the treaty- Wilson say no to the revision so US senate doesn’t approve Up and running in Geneva, Switzerland, 1920- No Russia, US, or Germany- significant powerso Russia loses WWI and is fighting themselves, doesn’t sign the treaty- The league of nations, 1920-31o Purpose of the league- first, avoid another war, about 64 nationso Generally; peace and collective security, disarmament, global welfareo Initial members include defeated nations- Austria, Hungary, Turkey, etc.  Germany “refinances” and join the league, becomes a much more progressive, technological, and educated state Russia eventually joins as the soviet uniono From beginning, no US- the US signs, but fails to ratify in the US senateo Wilson blocked by Republican senators henry cabot lodge ad William borah (even though Wilson wons nibel peace rize)o US never joins the leagueo League is dominated by france and UK- League continuedo From the beginning- no universal membership States use the league to sole and settle disputes Leagues ability to act is restricted by strict policieso Strong reliance on Collective Security- all sates will contribute to stopping an aggressoro By the end, there were 63 states that joined at some point, many lefto Successes: many, most were smaller outbreaks that never turned to major war- “the dog that didn’t bark” Hard to measure successo Failures at this time not major but notableo By 1931, major failures and major weaknesses became apparent- End of the leagueo General weakness Structure 1- too legal, forced yes or no decisions, not at all sensitive to power Structure 2- too strict, needed unanimity that was difficult to obtaino Membership never universal, states left or never were consulted- hard for truly collective action- Where did the league failo 1931 Manchuria, china- Japanese invade, league condemns ,but japan withdraws and leaguecollective action never materializes Japan starts fighting in 31, invading china, setting up WWII in Asiao 1935 Italian invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia) league only has economic sanctions- fear major war with Italy League fails to stop Italyo Finally, rise of Nazi Germany- appeasement of Hitler at Munich, Sudetenland, 1938 Germanyrearms and Hitler withdraws from the league, war in 1939, league is dead Hitler takes a piece of Czechoslovakia, asking