1 PHC 6937: Water Biology Aquatic Insects Taxonomy, Ecology & BioControl Case Study Spring Semester 2011 Instructor • Contact Information: – Dr. Jim Cuda, Associate Professor – Phone 352-273-3921 – Email: [email protected] • Research Area: – Biological Control of Aquatic and Terrestrial Weeds 2009 Publication • Three Chapters: – Aquatic Plants, Mosquitoes & Public Health • Chapter 5 – Introduction to BioControl of Aquatic Weeds • Chapter 8 – Insects for BioControl of Aquatic Weeds • Chapter 92 References • Merritt, R. W., K. W. Cummins, and M.B. Berg (eds.). 2008. An Introduction to the Aquatic Insects of North America, 4thrd edition. Kendall / Hunt, Dubuque, IA • Center, T. D., F. A. Dray, Jr., G. P. Jubinsky, and M. J. Grodowitz. 1999. Insects and Other Arthropods That Feed on Aquatic and Wetland Plants. USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Technical Bulletin No. 1870. References Topics • Introduction • Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa • Habitat Classification and Terminology • Example of Trophic Organization and Function − Hydrilla Midge Case Study • Questions?3 Learning Objectives • Reasons for Studying Aquatic Insects • Aquatic Existence Problems and Solutions • Respiration Adaptations • Scientific & Common Names of Aquatic Insect Orders • Terminology for Major Aquatic Habitats • Different Modes for Aquatic Existence • Types of Functional Feeding Groups Topics • Introduction • Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa • Habitat Classification and Terminology • Example of Trophic Organization and Function − Hydrilla Midge Case Study • Questions? • Rainy Season Triggers Midge Swarms on Lake Victoria, Africa • Locals Catch & Eat Insects • ʻPattyʼ Composed of 0.5 Million Contain 7X More Protein Than Beef www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-11042... Hell on Earth4 Why Study Aquatic Insect Communities? • Basic Research on Population Dynamics – Predator-Prey Interactions – Trophic Relationships – Competition Studies • Applied Research (Pest Management) – Control of Human and Animal Pests (e.g., mosquitoes, midges, black flies, horse flies) – Pollution Studies (e.g., mayfly naiads, midge & moth fly larvae) – Biological Control of Aquatic Weeds (e.g., alligatorweed, water hyacinth, hydrilla, and hygrophila) Life History Adaptations for Aquatic Existence • Osmoregulation – Wax layer – Excretion • Gas exchange – Atmosphere – Plant breathers – Temporary & Permanent Air Stores – Tracheal Gills – Oxygen transport (adults) – Hemoglobin • Temperature – Thermal death 30 to 40o C Topics • Introduction • Overview of Aquatic Insect Taxa • Habitat Classification and Terminology • Example of Trophic Organization and Function − Hydrilla Midge Case Study • Questions?5 Higher Classification Scheme • Phylum Arthropoda – Class Insecta (Insects) – Subclass Apterygota (w/o Wings) • Order Collembola (Springtails) – Subclass Pterygota (w/ Wings) • Infraclass Paleoptera (Wings cannot twist) – Order Ephemeroptera * (Mayflies) – Order Odonata * (Dragonflies & Damselflies) • Infraclass Neoptera (Wings can twist at base) – Division Exopterygota (Wings develop ext.) • Order Pleocoptera *(Stoneflies) • Order Hemiptera (True Bugs & Hoppers) * Entirely aquatic Classification Scheme (contʼd) – Subclass Pterygota • Infraclass Neoptera – Division Endopterygota (Wings develop int.) • Order Neuroptera (Dobsonflies, etc.) • Order Trichoptera * (Caddisflies) • Order Lepidoptera (Moths) • Order Coleoptera (Beetles) • Order Hymenoptera (Wasps) • Order Diptera (Moth flies, Mosquitoes, Midges) * Entirely aquatic Order Collembola- Springtails Photo Credit: S. Hopkin • Small Size • Antennae Short • Simple Eyes • Presence of Forked Abdominal Appendage • Chewing/Stylet Mouthparts • Detritivores • Simple Metamorphosis – Immatures and Adults Live in Same Habitat – Primitively Wingless6 Order Ephemeroptera- Mayflies • Small to Medium Size • Antennae Bristle-like • 2 to 3 Thread-like Tails • Nymphs (Naiads) w/ Lateral Abdominal Gills • Wings Triangular & Held Upright at Rest • Chewing Mouthparts • Detritivores • Simple Metamorphosis – Molt as Winged Adults Photo Credit: G. Firebaugh Order Odonata- Dragon- & Damselflies • Medium to Large Size • Large Compound Eyes • Antennae Bristle-like • Chewing Mouthparts • Nymphs (Naiads) w/ Terminal Abdominal or Rectal Gills • Wings Elongate & Held Dorsally or Laterally at Rest • Predaceous • Simple Metamorphosis Photo Credit: P. Myers Order Plecoptera- Stoneflies • Small to Medium Size • Antennae Long, Slender • Chewing Mouthparts • Membranous Wings Folded Flat Over Body • Body Soft, Flattened • Cerci Present • Branched Gills on Thorax • Omnivores • Simple Metamorphosis Photo Credit: S. Houston & T. Murray7 Order Hemiptera- True Bugs • Small to Large Size • Antennae Bristle-like • Piercing Mouthparts • Wings Membranous at Apex • Body Slender to Oval • Raptorial Front Legs • Predaceous • Breathing Tube or Air Bubble • Simple Metamorphosis Photo Credit: www.cals.ncsu.edu Giant Water Bug Outbreak The invasion of the giant water bug Customers stomp and cringe as swarms cover a Pasco shopping plaza. They're huge, creepy - and crunchy in sauce. By ALEX LEARY, Times Staff Writer © St. Petersburg Times published June 21, 2003 Electric Light Bug, Lethocerus sp. Order Neuroptera- Dobsonflies, etc. • Small to Large Size • Antennae Long, Slender • Chewing Mouthparts • Wings Membranous w/ Numerous Cross Veins – Held Roof-like Over Body • Lateral Abdominal Gills • Predaceous • Complete Metamorphosis Photo Credit: www.cals.ncsu.edu8 Order Trichoptera- Caddisflies • Small to Medium Size • Antennae Long, Slender • Chewing Mouthparts • Wings Hairy, w/ Scales – Held Roof-like Over Body • Larvae Caterpillar- like – Construct Cases • Omnivorous • Complete
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