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UI 309Definition of crimeIs the U.S. crime prone?Is the United States too lenient?Why is the U.S. crime-prone?Crime, morality and devianceCriminologyInterdisciplinary natureCriminal JusticeSubareas of criminologySubareas (continued)History of criminologyHistory (continued)Slide 14UI 309Carol VenezianoCarol VenezianoDefinition of crimeCrime is an actCrime is an actor the omission of an actor the omission of an actIn violation of the penal codesIn violation of the penal codeswithout defense or justificationwithout defense or justificationsanctioned by the state as a felony or sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanormisdemeanorIs the U.S. crime prone?MurderMurder4 times the rate of Italy4 times the rate of Italy9 times the rate in England9 times the rate in England11 times the rate in Japan11 times the rate in JapanIs the United States too lenient?Highest incarceration rate in the worldHighest incarceration rate in the worldU.S. 426/100,000 peopleU.S. 426/100,000 peopleSouth Africa 333/100,000South Africa 333/100,000Great Britain 97/100,000Great Britain 97/100,000The U.S. incarcerates at similar rates for violent The U.S. incarcerates at similar rates for violent crimescrimesWe incarcerate at significantly higher rates for We incarcerate at significantly higher rates for nonviolent crimesnonviolent crimesWhy is the U.S. crime-prone?Large underclassLarge underclassUrban areas in which poor and wealthy live in close Urban areas in which poor and wealthy live in close proximityproximityRacismRacismFailure of the educational systemFailure of the educational systemTroubled American familyTroubled American familyCulture that defines success in terms of material wealthCulture that defines success in terms of material wealthEasy access to handgunsEasy access to handgunsCrime, morality and devianceSome acts defined as crimes might be Some acts defined as crimes might be considered moral ( I.e., protesting)considered moral ( I.e., protesting)Some unethical acts might not be considered Some unethical acts might not be considered crimes (ignoring someone in danger)crimes (ignoring someone in danger)Although there is considerable overlap, crime Although there is considerable overlap, crime and morality are not always the sameand morality are not always the sameSimilarly, although many acts we call deviant Similarly, although many acts we call deviant are crimes, not all deviant acts are crimesare crimes, not all deviant acts are crimesCriminologySCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE NATURE, SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF THE NATURE, EXTENT, CAUSE AND CONTROL OF EXTENT, CAUSE AND CONTROL OF CRIMINAL AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIORCRIMINAL AND DELINQUENT BEHAVIORDescription: how many crimes, what types?Description: how many crimes, what types?Prediction: when and where will crime occur? Prediction: when and where will crime occur? Who will commit it?Who will commit it?Control: How might crime be decreased?Control: How might crime be decreased?Explanation: What causes crime?Explanation: What causes crime?Interdisciplinary natureSociologySociologyPolitical SciencePolitical SciencePsychologyPsychologyCriminal JusticeCriminal JusticeEconomicsEconomicsAnthropologyAnthropologyBiology - Genetics, NeuroscienceBiology - Genetics, NeuroscienceCriminal JusticeScientific study of the agencies of social Scientific study of the agencies of social control which deal with crime and control which deal with crime and delinquencydelinquencyAgencies: Police, courts and correctionsAgencies: Police, courts and correctionsDistinction between criminology and Distinction between criminology and criminal justicecriminal justiceSubareas of criminologyCriminal Statistics: amount and trends of Criminal Statistics: amount and trends of criminal activitycriminal activitySociology of law: role social forces play in Sociology of law: role social forces play in shaping criminal law, and the role of criminal shaping criminal law, and the role of criminal law in shaping societylaw in shaping societyTheory construction: explanations of crime Theory construction: explanations of crime causationcausationCriminal behavior systemsCriminal behavior systemsSubareas (continued)Penology: correction and control of known Penology: correction and control of known criminal offenderscriminal offendersVictimology: study of the victims of crimeVictimology: study of the victims of crimeHistory of criminologyPreliterate societiesPreliterate societiesEarly criminal codesEarly criminal codesInconsistent justiceInconsistent justice1700s--the Enlightenment1700s--the EnlightenmentDevelopment of concept of democracyDevelopment of concept of democracyEmphasis on rationality and scientific thinkingEmphasis on rationality and scientific thinkingHistory (continued)Classical criminologyClassical criminology1800s : Positivism1800s : PositivismBiological explanations (Lombroso)Biological explanations (Lombroso)Development of Psychology and SociologyDevelopment of Psychology and Sociology1900s: Sociology predominates1900s: Sociology predominatesSocial process and social structure theoriesSocial process and social structure theories1970s: re-emergence of classical1970s: re-emergence of classicalHistory (continued)Re-emergence of PsychologyRe-emergence of PsychologyIncrease in crime rate and fear of crimeIncrease in crime rate and fear of crimeDisenchantment with rehabilitationDisenchantment with rehabilitationIncrease in incarceration ratesIncrease in incarceration rates1980s: Increase in drug use and lethal gang 1980s: Increase in drug use and lethal gang violenceviolence1990s: search for alternatives1990s: search for


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SEMO UI 309 - CRIME

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