Functional neuroanatomyLearning & memorySlide 3Slide 4The limbic system: Memory & emotionMedial temporal lobe memory systemSlide 7Current standard 1mm structural imaging (AD patient)High-resolution MR imaging 7 Tesla ex vivoHigh-resolution MPRAGESlide 11Learning & memory: HMSlide 13Multiple memory systemsSlide 15Functional MRI Paradigm Scene encoding (block design)Learning & memory: NoveltyLearning & memory: EventsLearning & memory: Individual variability in MTL activationLearning & memory: Individual variability in anatomyGenetic influences on MTL activationSlide 22Learning & memory: Frontal lobe anatomyLearning & memory: Frontal lobe & episodic memoryLearning & memory: Working memorySlide 26Learning & memory: Working memory & sleep deprivationLearning & memory: Striatal anatomyLearning & memory: Striatum & procedural memoryEmotional learning & memory: Amygdala & orbitofrontal cortexEmotional conditioning is dependent on amygdala, declarative learning on the hippocampusAmygdala activation is related to emotional intensity at encoding, and predicts recall‘Unseen’ emotional stimuli activate amygdala & can elicit emotional conditioningSystems for processing facial emotionSlide 35Functional [email protected]•Overview of brain anatomy & systems–Localization/networks–Scale in the nervous system–Sensorimotor systems•How our brains interact with the external world (loops)–States ‘of mind’ (and body)•Specific functional systems–Memory & emotion•How our brains use previous experience to modify behavior•Vision & attention; languageLearning & memoryWhere were you on the following day?Learning & memorySeptember 11, 2006Learning & memory“Knowing that”Vs.“Knowing how”Gilbert Ryle, Oxford philosopher of mind, 1949The limbic system:Memory & emotionMedial temporal lobe memory systemMedial temporal lobe memory systemMedial temporal lobe memory systemMedial temporal lobe memory systemCourtesy of S. Heckers (J N Trans, 2002)Current standard 1mm structural imaging (AD patient)Trio TIM, 12 channel coil, 1mm3 MPRAGEHigh-resolution MR imagingHigh-resolution MR imaging7 Tesla ex vivo7 Tesla ex vivoCourtesy of Jean Augustinack & Bruce Fischl100-150um resolutionHigh-resolution MPRAGE32 channel coil, 3T Trio 0.38x0.38x1mm MPRAGE (ipat x 2, 10 min acq time, 112 slices), Seven acquisitions were motion-corrected and averaged. Beautiful contrast & anatomic detail is present, including thalamic nuclei, claustrum, tiny perforating vesselsHigh-resolution MPRAGEExcellent grey-white contrast is present in hippocampus; note also tiny pial perforating vesselsLearning & memory: HMH.M. ControlCorkin S, J Nsci, 1997Learning & memory: HMMultiple memory systemsLearning & memoryWhat task would you use to show differential hippocampal activation?(When is the hippocampus “off”?)Functional MRI ParadigmFunctional MRI ParadigmScene encoding (block design)+ + + ++Novel NovelRepeated RepeatedAdapted from C.E. Stern et al., PNAS, 19965s 40s 25sLearning & memory: NoveltyStern CE, PNAS 1996Learning & memory: EventsBrewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998Learning & memory: Individual variability in MTL activationVandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004Learning & memory: Individual variability in anatomyVandenbroucke MWJ, Neuroimage 2004Genetic influences on MTL activationGenetic influences on MTL activationHariri et al., J Neurosci, 2003Bookheimer et al.,NEJM, 2000BDNF val/val > val/metAPOE 4 > 3Multiple memory systemsLearning & memory: Frontal lobe anatomyLearning & memory: Frontal lobe & episodic memoryBrewer J, Science 1998; Wagner A, Science 1998Learning & memory:Working memoryDorsolateral prefrontal cortex:Digit spanDelayed match to sampleN-backLearning & memory:Working memoryD’Esposito M, 2002Learning & memory:Working memory & sleep deprivationDrummond SP, Nature 2004After full night sleep After sleep deprivationN-back taskLearning & memory:Striatal anatomyLearning & memory:Striatum & procedural memoryKnowlton BJ, Science 1996Emotional learning & memory:Amygdala & orbitofrontal cortexPoldrack R, Nature 2001Emotional conditioning is dependent on amygdala, declarative learning on the hippocampusBechara A, Science 1995Amygdala activation is related to emotional intensity at encoding, and predicts recallCanli T, J Neurosci 2000Recognition 3 weeks later‘Unseen’ emotional stimuli activate amygdala & can elicit emotional conditioningMorris JS, Brain 2001QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Systems for processing facial emotionAdolphs R, Curr Opn Nbiol 2002QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this picture.Learning & memoryBinding information processed by the brain for storage and future use, particularly with relevance to survival & other