11Police ProcessPolice ProcessDaeDae--Hoon KwakHoon KwakMichigan State UniversityMichigan State UniversityCJ 335CJ 335Summer 2006Summer 20066/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006Lecture 13Lecture 13Police-Community Relations I22Outline for the lectureOutline for the lecture6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Define and describe the concept of PCRDefine and describe the concept of PCR••Outline historical and contemporary conflicts between police Outline historical and contemporary conflicts between police and minoritiesand minorities••Understand how demographic factors affect public opinion Understand how demographic factors affect public opinion about the policeabout the police••Explain how police filed practices affect PCR (focused on Explain how police filed practices affect PCR (focused on Deadly force)Deadly force)••Deadly force (VCR)Deadly force (VCR)33IntroductionIntroduction6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Police-Community Relations (PCR)- Conflict between the police and racial and ethnic minority communities is one of the most serious issues facing American policing. - A cooperative relationship between police and community can strengthen informal social controls against crime and increase community support for police- Poor PCR foster resentment and alienation44Definition of PCRDefinition of PCR6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Definition- PCR refers primarily to relations between the police and racial/ethnic minority communitiesa. Police have never had the same types of conflict with the white majority community b. PCR problem is one aspect of racial and ethnic inequality in Americac. Disparities based on race and ethnicity in the CJ systemd. African-Americans over represented. (13% Pop., 31% arrests, 49% in prisons)55Definition of PCR (cont.)Definition of PCR (cont.)6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Different Racial and Ethnic Groups- Historically, the most serious problem revolve around A.A.s but similar problems also exist with other minority groups- Hispanics/Latinos Communitya. More likely to experience police initiated contacts than W and A.A.sb. Tense as the Latino pop. has increasedc. Problems related to enforcement of immigration lawsd. Community exists of various nationality groups (e.g., Mexico, Cuba, Haiti, Puerto Rico)66Definition of PCR (cont.)Definition of PCR (cont.)6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Different Racial and Ethnic Groups (cont.)- The changing Hispanic/Latino community in Americaa. Hispanic/Latino Community: heterogeneous, complex, and rapidly growingb. The largest racial/ethnic minority group in the country (with both around 13% of Pop.)c. Includes U.S. residents, immigrants, and refugees- Official data problemsa. “Hispanic” is used by U.S. census / other gov. agenciesb. Labels can imply stereotypes or express powerc. Hispanic label encompasses many different nationalities77Definition of PCR (cont.)Definition of PCR (cont.)6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Different Racial and Ethnic Groups (cont.)- Native Americansa. Reservations are served by tribal PDsb. Higher crime rates on reservationsc. Tribal police agencies (e.g., fragmented, conflicts with local agencies)- Asian-Americansa. Include immigrants from Vietnam, Laos, Cambodiab. Great differences among nationalities88Definition of PCR (cont.)Definition of PCR (cont.)6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• A Changing Multicultural Society- Changing demographic face of America creates new challenges for the Police- Challengesa. Immigrants report crimes at lower rates b. Communication barriers- Responsesa. Offering incentive pay to bilingual officersb. Train officers in “Street Spanish”c. 911 translation servicesd. Publish material in various languages…99Definition of PCR (cont.)Definition of PCR (cont.)6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006• Definitions of Race- Traditionally, defined as biological differences- Currently, the understanding that there are major difference within each racial category• Definition of Ethnicity--Cultural differences such as language, religion, family Cultural differences such as language, religion, family patterns, and foodwayspatterns, and foodways--A person can be ethnically Hispanic but White, Black, or A person can be ethnically Hispanic but White, Black, or Native American in terms of raceNative American in terms of race1010Discrimination vs. DisparityDiscrimination vs. Disparity6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••DiscriminationDiscrimination--Disparity: refers to a difference, is the result of factors Disparity: refers to a difference, is the result of factors (e.g., legal factors) other than discrimination(e.g., legal factors) other than discrimination--Discrimination (DC): a difference based on differential Discrimination (DC): a difference based on differential treatment of groups without reference to an individualtreatment of groups without reference to an individual’’s s behavior or qualificationsbehavior or qualifications--DC DC ––Disparity ContinuumDisparity ContinuumSystematic Institutionalized Contextual Individual acts Pure1111Discrimination vs. Disparity (cont.)Discrimination vs. Disparity (cont.)6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••Discrimination (cont.)Discrimination (cont.)--Systematic: DC at all stages of CJ system, all times/placesSystematic: DC at all stages of CJ system, all times/places--Institutionalized: racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes thInstitutionalized: racial and ethnic disparities in outcomes that at are results of the application of racially neutral factors (e.are results of the application of racially neutral factors (e.g., g., prior criminal record, employment status, demeanors.. etc.)prior criminal record, employment status, demeanors.. etc.)--Contextual: DC found in particular contexts or circumstances Contextual: DC found in particular contexts or circumstances (e.g., certain regions, particular crimes.. etc.)(e.g., certain regions, particular crimes.. etc.)--Individual acts of DC: results from the acts of particular ind.Individual acts of DC: results from the acts of particular ind.--Pure justice: no racial or ethnic discrimination at allPure justice: no racial or ethnic discrimination at all1212Contextual Approach to PContextual Approach to P--C InteractionsC Interactions6/19/2006CJ 335 Summer 2006••PolicePolice--Citizen InteractionsCitizen Interactions--PCR represent an apparent contradiction in thatPCR represent an apparent contradiction in thata. A.A.s are arrested at far