QUEENS & REGENTS IN RENAISSANCE & EARLY MODERN PERIOD I. ISABELLA OF CASTILE 1451-1504A. GENERAL REMARKS1. MOVING SPIRIT IN UNIFICATION OF KINGDOM OF SPAIN2. HER HUSBAND KING OF ARAGON3. SHE SUCCESSFULLY GOVERNED CASTILE4. EVEN ON BATTLEFIELDa. WORE ARMORb. LED TROOPSc. FROM FIRST DURING CIVIL WAR (1) QUEEN RODE HUNDREDS OF MILES (2) PLEADING FOR SUPPORT, INVOKING LOYALTY5. HER EARLY HISTORY OF MISCARRIAGES MUST BE ATTRIBUTED TO THESE ORDEALS6. FOUNDED FIRST MILITARY HOSPITAL IN EUROPE7. ISABELLA DESCRIBED AS GREAT GENERAL BUT EVEN GREATER QUARTERMASTER GENERALa. QUEEN'S HOSPITALb. 6 TENTS TRUNDLING FROM SIEGE TO SIEGE EQUIPPED WITH BEDS, MEDICINES, BANDAGESc. ANTICIPATED NAPOLEON'S AMBULANCES BY MORE THAN 200 YRS.8. ISABELLA TOOK ALONG HER 5 CHILDREN EVERYWHERE9. IT IS VERY TRUE THAT YOUR WAR IS A JUST ONE WROTE ISABELLA TO FERDINAND OF HIS FRENCH INVOLVEMENTS10. BUT MY WAR IS NOT ONLY A JUST ONE BUT A HOLY ONE11. FROM LIPS OF HER SOLDIERSa. CASTILE, CASTILE, FOR OUR KING ISABELLA12. HER BREADTH OF VISION LED TO COLUMBUS' EXPEDITION13. UNDER HER FOUNDATION OF NEW UNIVERSITIES14. SUBSIDY OF SCHOLARS15. CODIFIED LAW16. RESTORED CURRENCY17. RID COUNTRY OF BRIGANDS18. PERSUADED NOBLES TO GIVE UP SOME OF THEIR PRIVILEGES19. INTRODUCED POLYPHONIC MUSIC20. BROUGHT COURT PAINTERS FROM NETHERLANDS21. EXPELLED JEWS & MOORS22. EDUCATED HER DAUGHTERS & SONSa. CATHERINE OF ARAGON(1) WED HENRY VIII23. HAD BIBLE TRANSLATED INTOa. GREEK, HEBREW, LATIN ALL TOGETHER24. SO STRENGTHENED CHURCHa. REFORMATION DID NOT GAIN FOOTHOLD IN SPAIN25. ESTABLISHED INQUISITION IN SPAIN26. WELL DESERVED TITLEa. ISABELLA THE CATHOLIC27. POET MONTORO DECLARED QUEEN WORTHY TO HAVE GIVEN BIRTH TO SON OF GOD28. ISABELLA FREQUENTLY PICTURED AS SECOND VIRGIN MARY29. FOLLOWING HER DEATH ATTEMPTS TO CANONIZE ISABELLAa. STILL UNDERWAY IN 20TH C.II. ELIZABETH 1558-1603 REIGNA. INTRODUCTION1. WHILE ELIZABETH PROBABLY SENT MORE PEOPLE TO THEIR DEATH FOR HERESYa. OR AS SHE USUALLY TERMED IT - TREASONb. SHE NEVER RECEIVED SIMILAR EPITHET TO MARY TUDOR2. SHE EARLY ON IN HER REIGN HAD LEARNED WHAT ASTUTE RULERS HAVE LEARNED DOWN THROUGH AGESa. IMPRESS YOUR SUBJECTS WITH YOUR MAJESTYb. BY TAKING NUMEROUS SOJOURNS(1) DRESSED IN YOUR FINERY (2) & SMILE(a) SUPPOSEDLY HERS WAS LIKE A LARGE RAY OF SUNSHINE3. PROBABLY ELIZABETH MOST POPULAR MONARCH IN ENGLISH HISTORY & 1 OF MOST CAPABLE4. ENGLAND BEGAN ITS 400 YEAR RUN AS A GREAT POWER DURING HER REIGN5. ELIZABETHANS MARCHED FORWARD ON ALL FRONTSa. DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH - SPANISH ARMADAb. SETTLING OF AMERICAc. SHAKESPEARE & HIS PLAYS6. MAN WAS THE MEASURE OF ALL THINGS a. & ENGLAND A MIGHTY EXAMPLE7. ENGLISH RENAISSANCE DID NOT FULLY FLOWER UNTIL ELIZABETHAN AGE, 8. BUT LED ALL NATIONS IN QUALITY AND QUANTITY OF ITS POETS AND DRAMATISTS9. WHY WOULD RENAISSANCE COME TO ENGLAND DURING ELIZABETHAN AGE?10. LOOKING AT ELIZABETH HERSELF- GIVES PART OF ANSWERB. EARLY LIFE & EDUCATION1. BORN 1533 AT OLD GREENWICH PALACE IN LONDONa. NEW ONE BUILT BY JAMES Ib. NEAR SPOT WHERE SIR WALTER RALEIGH IS SAID TO HAVE SPREAD HIS CLOAK IN MUD FOR ELIZABETH2. THROUGHOUT HER EARLY LIFE UNTIL BECOMING QUEEN AT 25a. SHE RODE A CONTINUAL ROLLER-COASTER AS TO HER ACCEPTANCE OR DISMISSALb. WHEN SISTER MARY AS QUEEN TRIED TO FORCE ELIZ TO ATTEND MASS c. & IMPRISONED HER ON SUSPICION OF ENCOURAGING A PROTESTANT REVOLTd. THESE DANGEROUS YEARS TURNED YOUNG PRINCESS INTO AN EXPERT DIPLOMAT e. & AT SAME TIME A WAVERER WHO DITHERED BEFORE REACHING DECISIONS3. ALSO MADE CHILDLESS ELIZ RELUCTANT TO NAME HEIR WHILE SHE QUEEN24. SHE DID NOT WANT ANYONE TO PLAY PART WITH HER THAT SHE HAD PLAYED W/MARY5. EPITOME OF WELL-EDUCATED RENAISSANCE WOMAN6. EARLIEST GOVERNESS TAUGHT HER LANGUAGES7. TUTORED BY GREAT CAMBRIDGE HUMANIST SCHOLAR ROGER ASCHAM8. EXCERPT FROM HIS DESCRIPTION OF HER AS A STUDENT IN HER 16TH YEARS, a. WHICH IS PROBABLY ANALOGOUS TO A COLLEGE FRESHMAN OF TODAY, b. BECAUSE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS WOULD HAVE STARTED SEVERAL YEARS YOUNGER THAN TODAY.c. "THE CONSTITUTION OF HER MIND IS EXEMPT FROM FEMALE WEAKNESS, AND SHE IS ENDOWED W/ A MASCULINE POWER OF APPLICATION. NO APPREHENSION CAN BE QUICKER THAN HERS, NO MEMORY MORE RETENTIVE. FRENCH AND ITALIAN SHE SPEAKS LIKE ENGLISH; LATIN, WITH FLUENCY, PROPRIETY, AND 3 D; SHE ALSO SPOKE GREEK WITH ME, FREQUENTLY, WILLINGLY , AND MODERATELY WELL. NOTHING CAN BE MORE ELEGANT THAN HER HANDWRITING, WHETHER IN THE GREEK OR ROMAN CHARACTERS...THE BEGINNING OF THE DAY WAS ALWAYS DEVOTED BY HER TO THE NEW TESTAMENT IN GREEK, AFTER WHICH SHE READ...TRAGEDIES OF SOPHOCLES, WHICH I JUDGED BEST ADAPTED TO SUPPLY HER TONGUE WITH THE PUREST DICTION, HER MIND WITH THE MOST EXCELLENT PRECEPTS AND HER EXALTED STATION WITH A DEFENSE AGAINST THE UTMOST POWER OF FORTUNE...9. EXTREMELY WELL-READC. CHARACTER & PERSONALITY1. DEFINITELY HER FATHER'S DAUGHTERa. ATHLETICb. RED-HAIREDc. AUTOCRATICd. INORDINATELY VAINe. STATELY & MAJESTIC DEPORTMENTf. VERY CHARISMATIC2. SHE HERSELF SAID SHE HAD HEART & STOMACH OF A KING3. DURING HER REIGN SPECTACULAR UPSURGE OF CULTURAL ACTIVITY4. FOR LIKE HER FATHER SHE WANTED HER COURT TO BECOME GREAT CULTURAL CENTERa. PLACE WHERE SCHOLARS, MUSICIANS & ARTISTS COULD FIND FELLOWSHIP & PATRONAGE5. SHE ENJOYED WITTY CONVERSATIONS & JOKING WITH HER COURTIERS6. BUT IF ANYONE WENT TOO FAR LAUGHING COUNTENANCE FROZEa. & REGAL TUDOR SOVEREIGN TOOK OVER7. SHE LOVED TO DANCE8. NURSERY RHYME HEY DIDDLE CAT & THE FIDDLE3a. REFERRED TO ELIZABETHb. KAT HER NICKNAMEc. SHE PLAYED VIOLIN OR FIDDLEd. HEY DIDDLE LINE FROM ANCIENT PLAY(1) IMPLIES TUNE FOR DANCINGe. COW JUMPING OVER MOON MAY HAVE BEEN ASSOCIATED WITH ELABORATE CHARADES PLAYED AT HER PALACESf. LITTLE DOG(1) ROBERT DUDLEY(2) EARLY OF LEICESTER(3) HANDSOME & SCHEMING(4) ELIZABETH KNOWN TO HAVE SAID(a) I CANNOT LIVE WITHOUT SEEING HIM EVERY DAY. HE'S LIKE MY LITTLE LAP DOG(5) IN FACT ON HER DEATH IN LITTLE BOX NEXT TO HERBED (a) HIS LAST LETTER TO HER BEFORE HIS DEATHg. EVEN BEFORE HENRY VIII'S REIGN CUSTOMARY TO DUB MEMBERS OF COURT WITH RIDICULOUS NAMES OFTEN OF ANIMALS(1) IE COWh. DISH SUPPOSEDLY FORMAL TITLE GIVEN BEARER OF SPECIAL GOLDEN DISHES CARRIED TO STATE DINING ROOMi. SPOON - BEAUTIFUL GIRL CHOSEN FROM COURT TO BE TASTER AT ROYAL MEALS(1) MAKING SURE DISHES NOT POISONEDj. ACCORDING TO LEGEND DISH ACTUALLY RAN AWAY WITH SPOON(1) THEY ELOPED9. SHE NEVER LOST HER IMPERIOUSNESS THOUGH10. ON HER DEATHBED WHEN TOLD BY HER SECRETARY OF STATE SHE SHOULD REST11. SHE SPAT AT HIMa. LITTLE MAN, THE WORD MUST