Slide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9Slide 10Slide 11Slide 12Slide 13Slide 14Slide 15Slide 16Slide 17Slide 18Slide 19Slide 20Slide 21Slide 22Slide 23Slide 24Slide 25Slide 26Slide 27Slide 28Slide 29Slide 30Slide 31Slide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35Slide 36Slide 37Slide 38Slide 39Slide 40Slide 41Slide 42NSCI 314LIFE IN THE COSMOS4 – Basic Properties of Life and The Biochemistry of Life on EarthDr. Karen KolehmainenDepartment of Physics CSUSBhttp://physics.csusb.edu/~karen/A CLOSED SYSTEM AND ITS ENVIRONMENTCLOSED SYSTEMMATTER ENERGYMATTERENERGYAN OPEN SYSTEM AND ITS ENVIRONMENT OPEN SYSTEMMATTERENERGYWASTE ENERGYWASTE MATTERENTROPY AND ORDERENTROPY: A MEASURE OF THE DISORDER IN A SYSTEM–LOW ENTROPY = HIGHLY ORDERED –HIGH ENTROPY = VERY DISORDERED OR MESSYSECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: –IN ANY CLOSED SYSTEM (MEANING THAT NOTHING ENTERS OR LEAVES), NO PROCESS CAN OCCUR IN WHICH THE SYSTEM'S ENTROPY DECREASES. IN OTHER WORDS, A CLOSED SYSTEM CAN'T BECOME MORE ORDERED (LESS MESSY) AS TIME GOES ON.–THEREFORE, THE AMOUNT OF DISORDER IN A CLOSED SYSTEM EITHER INCREASES WITH TIME OR IT DOESN’T CHANGE WITH TIME. USUALLY, THE ENTROPY INCREASES WITH TIME, IN OTHER WORDS, A CLOSED SYSTEM GETS MESSIER AS TIME GOES ON.ENTROPY AND ORDERSECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS: IN ANY CLOSED SYSTEM, NO PROCESS CAN OCCUR IN WHICH THE ENTROPY DECREASES WITH TIME, IN OTHER WORDS, A CLOSED SYSTEM CANNOT BECOME MORE ORDERED WITH TIME.WHAT ABOUT THE ENTROPY OF AN OPEN SYSTEM?AN OPEN SYSTEM INTERACTS WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT. IF WE INCLUDE THE ENVIRONMENT AS PART OF THE SYSTEM (INSTEAD OF SOMETHING OUTSIDE OF THE SYSTEM), WE NOW HAVE A CLOSED SYSTEM, AND ITS TOTAL ENTROPY CAN'T DECREASE WITH TIME. HOWEVER, THE ENTROPY OF THE ORIGINAL OPEN SYSTEM CAN DECREASE, AS LONG AS THE ENTROPY OF ITS ENVIRONMENT INCREASES BY AN EVEN LARGER AMOUNT. LIFE: ENTROPY DECREASES WITHIN AN ORGANISM AS RAW MATERIALS ARE REARRANGED IN HIGHLY ORDERED WAYS. HOWEVER, THE ORGANISM IS AN OPEN SYSTEM, AND THE ENTROPY OF ITS ENVIRONMENT INCREASES.LIFE AND ITS ENVIRONMENT ORGANISMENTROPY DECREASESMATTERENERGYWASTE MATTER WASTE ENERGY ENVIRONMENTENTROPY INCREASESWHAT IS LIFE?HARD TO DEFINE, BUT LET'S LIST SOME OF ITS PROPERTIES.NECESSARY PROPERTIES:–USES ENERGY–INTERACTS WITH ITS ENVIRONMENT–MAINTAINS A LOW ENTROPY (HIGH DEGREE OR ORDER OR COMPLEXITY) INTERNALLYLIKELY (BUT MAYBE NOT NECESSARY) PROPERTIES:–GROWS AND DEVELOPS–REPRODUCES–MUTATES AND EVOLVESREQUIREMENTS FOR LIFE MATTER:PRODUCED IN BIG BANG (H & He) AND STARS (HEAVIER ELEMENTS) ARE CERTAIN ELEMENTS NEEDED?STABLE ENERGY SOURCE:LOW MASS MAIN SEQUENCE STARS (OR SOMETHING ELSE?)PROTECTED ENVIRONMENT:PLANETARY OR LUNAR SURFACESPLANETARY OR LUNAR INTERIORSTHICK PLANETARY OR LUNAR ATMOSPHERESCHEMICAL SOLVENT (LIQUID): WATER (OR SOMETHING ELSE?)APPROPRIATE TEMPERATURE RANGE: NEEDED TO KEEP THE SOLVENT LIQUID (APPROXIMATELY 0 TO 100o C IF WATER IS THE LIQUID SOLVENT)IF IT’S TOO HOT, COMPLEX STRUCTURES ARE BROKEN APARTIF IT’S TOO COLD, INTERACTIONS ARE TOO SLOWSun Earth Earth’s Crust HydrogenHeliumOxygenCarbonNeonNitrogenMagnesiumSiliconIronSulfurArgonAluminumCalciumSodiumNickelChromiumPhosphorus90.99%8.870.0780.0330.0110.0100.0040.0030.0030.0020.00030.00030.00020.00020.00020.000030.00003OxygenIron SiliconMagnesiumSulfurNickel AluminumCalciumSodiumChromiumPhosphorus50%1714141.61.11.10.740.660.130.08OxygenSiliconAluminumIronCalciumSodiumPotassiumMagnesiumTitaniumHydrogenPhosphorusManganeseFluorineStrontiumSulfur47%288.15.03.62.82.62.10.440.140.100.100.0630.0380.026Earth’s Atmosphere Bacteria Human BeingsNitrogenOxygen ArgonCarbon**NeonHelium78%210.930.030.00180.00052HydrogenOxygenCarbonNitrogenPhosphorusSulfur63%296.41.40.120.06HydrogenOxygenCarbonNitrogenCalciumPhosphorusSulfur61%2610.52.40.230.130.13BOTTOM LINE:THE ELEMENTS THAT MAKE UP TERRESTRIAL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE VERY COMMON IN STARS AND IN THE INTERSTELLAR MATERIAL FROM WHICH STARS AND PLANETS ARE FORMED. IN LIVING THINGS, THE ATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS ARE ORGANIZED IN ORGANIC MOLECULES, MANY OF WHICH ARE LARGE AND COMPLEX.ORGANIC MOLECULESMOLECULE: A COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE ATOMSEXAMPLES: H2O CO2 CH4 NH3 H2 N2 O2 C2H5O2NORGANIC MOLECULE: A MOLECULE COMPOSED OF CARBON AND HYDROGEN ATOMS (AND OFTEN ATOMS OF OTHER ELEMENTS ALSO) EXAMPLES: CH4 C2H5O2NMONOMER: A SIMPLE ORGANIC MOLECULE SUCH AS AN AMINO ACID, SIMPLE SUGAR, FATTY ACID, OR GENETIC BASEPOLYMER: A LARGE ORGANIC MOLECULE COMPOSED OF A CHAIN OF REPEATING MONOMERSORGANIC MOLECULESCARBON ATOMS OCCUPY CENTRAL POSITIONS IN MOST MONOMERS. WHEN THE MONOMERS COMBINE TO FORM POLYMERS, THE CARBON ATOMS FORM THE CENTRAL STRUCTURE OF THE CHAIN, WITH ATOMS OF OTHER ELEMENTS STUCK TO THE SIDES. H H H | | | C – C – C | | | H H HLIFE ON EARTH IS CARBON-BASED.BASIC FACTS ABOUT LIFE ON EARTHLIVING ORGANISMS ON EARTH ARE MADE OF CELLS. EXCEPTION: VIRUSESA CELL IS TINY DROP OF WATER AND VARIOUS ORGANIC MOLECULES, SURROUNDED BY A MEMBRANE. SOME CELLS CONTAIN CERTAIN STRUCTURES, TO BE DISCUSSED LATER. SOME ORGANISMS (BACTERIA, FOR EXAMPLE) ARE SINGLE-CELLED, AND OTHER ORGANISMS (HUMANS, FOR EXAMPLE) ARE MULTICELLULAR. A CELL CAN DIVIDE, RESULTING IN TWO CELLS.EXAMPLES OF POLYMERSCARBOHYDRATES: STARCHES, CELLULOSE, SUCROSEMONOMERS: SIMPLE SUGARS, GLUCOSELIPIDS: FATS, CHOLESTEROL, HORMONES, CELLULAR MEMBRANESMONOMERS: FATTY ACIDSNUCLEIC ACIDS: DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) & RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)MONOMERS: GENETIC BASESPROTEINS: STRUCTURAL PROTEINS FOR BONE, ORGANS, TISSUE, AND MEMBRANES; ENZYMES, CHEMICAL SENSORS AND TRANSPORTERSMONOMERS: AMINO ACIDS LET’S EXAMINE NUCLEIC ACIDS AND PROTEINS IN MORE DETAIL.STRUCTURE OF PROTEINSA PROTEIN IS A LONG POLYMER MADE OF MONOMERS CALLED AMINO ACIDS.EACH PROTEIN IS COMPOSED OF A CHAIN OF HUNDREDS OF AMINO ACIDS.PROTEINS USED IN LIFE ON EARTH ARE FORMED FROM ONLY DIFFERENT 20 TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS. ADDITIONAL TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS EXIST AND COULD BE USED BY LIFE ELSEWHERE.PROTEIN STRUCTUREEXAMPLE:AA1—AA3—AA3—AA1—AA17—AA11—AA11—AA11 — AA2—AA9—AA9—AA9—AA9—AA9—AA10—AA15 — AA8—AA5—AA5—AA1—AA16—AA12—AA4—AA20 — AA19—AA7—AA3—AA5—…. CONTINUING ON FOR HUNDREDS MORE OF AMINO ACIDS.PROTEIN STRUCTURECHANGING EVEN ONE OF THE AMINO ACIDS OUT OF THE