Energy Alternatives CDAE 06 Renewable Intro Gary Flomenhoft http www uvm edu gflomenh CDAE06 WORLD ENERGY Fossil Fuel 75 9 Nuclear 5 7 Renewable 18 4 Net Energy DIRECT GAIN Large south facing windows that let in the sunlight Thermal mass is used to absorb the radiation At night the absorbed heat is radiated back into the living space Collectors Flat Plate Collectors Evacuated tube Installation Solar thermal power plants tower MEADI BOILER Solar trough Barstow Photoelectric Effect A picture of an typical silicon PV cell Now a short video http www eere energy gov solar multimedia html CZOCHRALSKI PROCESS This is the process of creating an ingot A small single silicon rod seed is placed in an inert gas at high temps When the seed is rotated up and out silicon adheres to it to form an ingot CELLS MODULES Wafers 5 inches square and 012 inches thick are sliced from the ingot They are then processed into cells and soldered together to achieve the desired voltage Cells arrayed in series are called modules MANUFACTURERS Sharp Electronics Corporation Sanyo bp Solar Shell Sunwise Uni Solar AstroPower POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANELS Energy of the Future Thin Film History Developed in 1980 Applied to calculators watches and other portable low watt appliances Expanded to larger appliances as efficiency rate increased QuickTime and a TIFF Uncompressed decompressor are needed to see this picture Cost by Brand QuickTime and a TIFF Uncompressed decompressor are needed to see this picture Unisolar 21 watt 153 00 Shell 20 watt 198 00 Isofoton 165 watt 650 00 research shows that on average thin cell costs 5 per watt CDAE 170 Solar Building Strategies PV system design Dec 1 2003 Gary Flomenhoft BSME MAPP CEE Research Associate Gund Institute SNR Biomass In Vermont VT Energy Consumption Sources Nuclear 36 System 14 Hydro Quebec 35 Oil 2 Gas 1 Other Renewable 5 Since Small Hydro 7 1984 Vermont has met all increase in energy demands a total of 125 Mw by renewable in state sources EPA Landfill Incentive Program http www epa gov lmop 40 Mw Small Hydro 73 Mw McNeil Rygate Biomass Plants 6 Mw Searsburg Wind Farm Kinds of Biomasstraditional Trees Wood has been used as a source of energy throughout human history and today the most commonly used form or biomass Today there are still many people in third world countries using it to provide heat and energy There are also purpose grown tree farms which are specifically grown to produce wood for energy in larger developed countries More traditional Biomass types Straw is used similarly too wood it is burned and used to make heat and energy Animal Dung Poop is often used as a source of heat and energy More non traditional Biomass Landfill gas The gas emitted from landfills is very rich in methane it is collected and used to generate power in small scale power plants Gasohol Ethanol Alcohol generated by fermenting sugar cane or corn is combined with gas and used to power cars mmm tasty gasohol Biodiesel Biodiesel is made from vegetable oil alcohol 20 30 sodium potassium hydroxide 2 3 Total 6740MW in 2004 Installed wind energy generating capacity now totals 6 374 MW and is expected to generate about 16 7 billion kWh of electricity in 2004 However that is still less than 1 of U S electricity generation By contrast the total amount of electricity that could potentially be generated from wind in the United States has been estimated at 10 777 billion kWh annually three times the electricity generated in the U S today Pros of the Project Replaces 113 million tons of oil per year Zero emissions Boost to Cape Cod s economy 600 1 000 new jobs for Cape Codders Does not require land May help with navigation and rescue The Alliance s Simulation from Cotuit HYDRO 1 10 of electricity US 20 World electricity Large Hydro systems Defined as greater than 30 megawatts by Department of Energy Hoover dam 1300 MW Grand Coulee 6480 MW Largest Venezuela 10 GW Itaipu Brazil 12 6 GW China 18 6 GW 2009 Three Gorges Dam Over one mile long 575 feet tall 25 75 billion dollars 20 years of construction 18 600 MW Completion in 2009 Small Hydro systems DOE 100kw 30mw Industries towns Thailand 9mw Winooski 5MW Essex 7MW Micro hydro system DOE 0 100 kw Farm home village Increasing in s Today Impoundment Type or Run of the River w o impoundment Diversion Type Diversion Brazil Turbines Reaction or Impulse Turbines Reaction or Impulse Reaction type Turbine Propellor Low head situations high flow low PSI Reaction type Turbine Kaplan Low head situations high flow low PSI Inside of Micro Turbine 4 inch diameter impulse turbine Creates 200 watts of power Cost 1440 OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY Ocean Energy Energy from the moon Tides generated by the combination of the moon and sun s gravitational forces Greatest affect in spring when moon and sun combine forces Bays and inlets amplify the height of the tide In order to be practical for energy production the height difference needs to be at least 5 meters Only 40 sites around the world of this magnitude Overall potential of 3000 gigawatts from movement of tides How it works First generation barrage style tidal power plants Works by building Barrage to contain water after high tide then water has to pass through a turbine to return to low tide Sites in France La Rance Canada Annapolis and Russia Future sites possibly on Severn River in England San Francisco bay Passamaquoddy Second generation tidal power plants Barrage not need limiting total costs Two types vertical axis and horizontal axis Davis Hydro turbine Successfully tested in St Lawrence Seaway Harness the energy of tidal streams More efficient because they allow for energy production on both the ebbing and surging tides One site has potential to equal the generating power of 3 nuclear power plants Wave Power World Wave Power Resources World Energy Council 2001 Survey stated the potential exploitable wave energy resources worldwide to be 2 TW For European waters the resource was estimated to be able to cover more than 50 of the total power consumption The wave market is estimated at 32 billion in the United Kingdom and 800 billion worldwide The United States has exhibited weak effort compared to overseas projects in Norway Denmark Japan and the United Kingdom As of 1995 685 kilowatts kW of grid connected wave generating capacity was operating worldwide This capacity comes from eight demonstration plants ranging in size from 350 kW to 20 kW Until recently the commercial use of wave power has been limited to small
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