Plant AnatomyDefinitionsLife CyclePlant StructurePlant CellsApical MeristemLateral MeristemCells are grouped into tissues.Cell TypesDermal TissueGround TissueParenchymaSlide 13CollenchymaSchlerenchymaVascular TissueVascular tissueXylemVegetative StructuresRootsSlide 21Stem AnatomyStemStem ModificationsModified StemModified Stem IIGrowth FormGrowth CycleLeaf PartsLeaf StructureLeaf ArrangementLeaf formVein ArrangementLeaf ShapeLeaf MarginsMisc. Vegetative StructuresReproductive StructuresFloral PartsFlowerFloral SymmetryInflorescence TypesFruit TypesDry, indehiscent fruitsDry, Dehiscent FruitFleshy FruitsOther Fruit TypesPlacentationOvary PositionMonocots vs. DicotsPlant AnatomyMUPGRET WorkshopMarch 27, 2004DefinitionsAnatomyStudy of form and basic organization.MorphologyStudy of tissue organization.PhysiologyStudy of normal organism function.Life CycleJuvenileAdultReproductiveVegetativePlant StructureTwo main organ systems: shoot and rootShootAbove groundLeaves, buds, stems, flowers, fruitsRootBelow groundroots, tubers, rhizomesPlant CellsFormed at meristems.Mitosis in meristem produces new cells.Two types of meristems.Apical – produces primary growth, ex. tip of root or shoot.Lateral – produces secondary growth, ex. cambium.Apical MeristemLateral MeristemCells are grouped into tissues.DermalGroundVascularCell TypesEpidermalGroundVascularZea mays L. leaf cross sectionDermal TissueCovers outer surface of herbaceous plants.Composed of epidermal cells that secrete the waxy cuticle.Waxy cuticle protects against water loss.Ground TissueBulk of the primary plant body.Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.ParenchymaParenchymapineappleCollenchymaCelerySchlerenchymahau – used to make ropeVascular TissueTransports food, water, hormone, and minerals.Composed of xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium.Vascular tissueXylemDutchmens pipeDicot stemVegetative StructuresRootsStemLeafRootsTap rootFibrous rootAdventitious rootTuberous rootAerial rootRootsTaprootTaprootsTuberousFiberousStem AnatomyBud – undeveloped shoot.Node – Location of leaf or bud on stem.Internode – Space between nodes.Pith – Spongy tissue in the center of the stem.Lenticel – Pore in the outer layer of the stem.StemStem ModificationsTuber – underground stem with nodesRhizome – underground stem with budsStolon – aboveground stem with shoot budsBulb – underground stem with fleshy leavesCorm – underground stem with papery leavesModified StemThornTendrilOnion set RhizomeModified Stem IIAsparagusStolonCormGrowth FormHerbShrubTreeVineGrowth CycleAnnual – single seasonBiennial – two seasonsPerennial – multiple seasonsEvergreen – leaves persist > 2 seasonsDecidious – leaves die in cold or dryLeaf PartsPetiole Blade StipuleAxillary budLeaf StructureBladePetioleAxillary BudStipuleLeaf ArrangementAlternateOppositeWhorledLeaf formSimpleCompoundPinnatePalmateVein ArrangementPinnatePalmateParallelDichotomousDichotomousLeaf ShapeOvateEllipticOblongLanceolateLinearOrbicularCordateHastateSagittatePeltatePerfoliateTereteLeaf MarginsEntireSerrateDoubly serrateDentateCrenateUndulateRevoluteCrispedLobedMisc. Vegetative StructuresThornsmodified stems (Honey Locust)Spinesmodified leaves (Cactus)Pricklesepidermal outgrowth (Rose)Reproductive StructuresFlowersFruitsFloral PartsPedicelSepalPetalPerianthStamenCarpelPistilFlowerFloral SymmetryActinomorphicMany axes of symmetry, ie. the same wherever you cut it.ZygomorphicOne axis of summetry, ie. can only cut one way.Inflorescence TypesSolitary SpikeSpadixSpikeletRacemeUmbelWhorlCompoundUmbelPanicleFruit TypesDry, indehiscent fruitDry, dehiscent fruitFleshy fruitOtherDry, indehiscent fruitsAchene (lettuce)Samara (maple)Caryposis (wheat)Nut (almond)Dry, Dehiscent FruitLegume (soybean)Capsule (tobacco)Silique (Arabidopsis)Schizocarp (maple)Fleshy FruitsDrupe (peach, nectarine)Berry (tomato)Pepo (cucumber)Hesperidium (citrus)Hip (rose)Pome (apple, pear)Other Fruit TypesAggregatemature ovaries from separate pistils of one flower (ex. raspberry)Multiplemature ovaries from separate pistils of several flowers (ex. pineapple)Accessoryfruit is something other than ovary tissue (ex. strawberry is a swollen receptacle, seeds are achenes)PlacentationMarginalAxileParietalFree centralApicalBasalOvary PositionHypogynous(above calyx)Perigynous(within the floral cup)Epigynous(below calyx)Monocots vs. DicotsOne cotyledonParallel leaf veinsFlower parts often in multiples of threeVascular bundles scattered in stemTwo cotyledonsNetlike leaf veinsFlower parts often in multiples of 4 or 5Vascular bundles in a ring in the
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