Plant AnatomyDefinitionsLife CyclePlant StructurePlant CellsApical MeristemLateral MeristemCells are grouped into tissues.Cell TypesDermal TissueGround TissueParenchymaSlide 13CollenchymaSchlerenchymaVascular TissueVascular tissueXylemVegetative StructuresRootsSlide 21Stem AnatomyStemStem ModificationsModified StemModified Stem IIGrowth FormGrowth CycleLeaf PartsLeaf StructureLeaf ArrangementLeaf formVein ArrangementLeaf ShapeLeaf MarginsMisc. Vegetative StructuresReproductive StructuresFloral PartsFlowerFloral SymmetryInflorescence TypesFruit TypesDry, indehiscent fruitsDry, Dehiscent FruitFleshy FruitsOther Fruit TypesPlacentationOvary PositionMonocots vs. DicotsPlant AnatomyMUPGRET WorkshopMarch 27, 2004DefinitionsAnatomyStudy of form and basic organization.MorphologyStudy of tissue organization.PhysiologyStudy of normal organism function.Life CycleJuvenileAdultReproductiveVegetativePlant StructureTwo main organ systems: shoot and rootShootAbove groundLeaves, buds, stems, flowers, fruitsRootBelow groundroots, tubers, rhizomesPlant CellsFormed at meristems.Mitosis in meristem produces new cells.Two types of meristems.Apical – produces primary growth, ex. tip of root or shoot.Lateral – produces secondary growth, ex. cambium.Apical MeristemLateral MeristemCells are grouped into tissues.DermalGroundVascularCell TypesEpidermalGroundVascularZea mays L. leaf cross sectionDermal TissueCovers outer surface of herbaceous plants.Composed of epidermal cells that secrete the waxy cuticle.Waxy cuticle protects against water loss.Ground TissueBulk of the primary plant body.Composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma.ParenchymaParenchymapineappleCollenchymaCelerySchlerenchymahau – used to make ropeVascular TissueTransports food, water, hormone, and minerals.Composed of xylem, phloem, parenchyma, and cambium.Vascular tissueXylemDutchmens pipeDicot stemVegetative StructuresRootsStemLeafRootsTap rootFibrous rootAdventitious rootTuberous rootAerial rootRootsTaprootTaprootsTuberousFiberousStem AnatomyBud – undeveloped shoot.Node – Location of leaf or bud on stem.Internode – Space between nodes.Pith – Spongy tissue in the center of the stem.Lenticel – Pore in the outer layer of the stem.StemStem ModificationsTuber – underground stem with nodesRhizome – underground stem with budsStolon – aboveground stem with shoot budsBulb – underground stem with fleshy leavesCorm – underground stem with papery leavesModified StemThornTendrilOnion set RhizomeModified Stem IIAsparagusStolonCormGrowth FormHerbShrubTreeVineGrowth CycleAnnual – single seasonBiennial – two seasonsPerennial – multiple seasonsEvergreen – leaves persist > 2 seasonsDecidious – leaves die in cold or dryLeaf PartsPetiole Blade StipuleAxillary budLeaf StructureBladePetioleAxillary BudStipuleLeaf ArrangementAlternateOppositeWhorledLeaf formSimpleCompoundPinnatePalmateVein ArrangementPinnatePalmateParallelDichotomousDichotomousLeaf ShapeOvateEllipticOblongLanceolateLinearOrbicularCordateHastateSagittatePeltatePerfoliateTereteLeaf MarginsEntireSerrateDoubly serrateDentateCrenateUndulateRevoluteCrispedLobedMisc. Vegetative StructuresThornsmodified stems (Honey Locust)Spinesmodified leaves (Cactus)Pricklesepidermal outgrowth (Rose)Reproductive StructuresFlowersFruitsFloral PartsPedicelSepalPetalPerianthStamenCarpelPistilFlowerFloral SymmetryActinomorphicMany axes of symmetry, ie. the same wherever you cut it.ZygomorphicOne axis of summetry, ie. can only cut one way.Inflorescence TypesSolitary SpikeSpadixSpikeletRacemeUmbelWhorlCompoundUmbelPanicleFruit TypesDry, indehiscent fruitDry, dehiscent fruitFleshy fruitOtherDry, indehiscent fruitsAchene (lettuce)Samara (maple)Caryposis (wheat)Nut (almond)Dry, Dehiscent FruitLegume (soybean)Capsule (tobacco)Silique (Arabidopsis)Schizocarp (maple)Fleshy FruitsDrupe (peach, nectarine)Berry (tomato)Pepo (cucumber)Hesperidium (citrus)Hip (rose)Pome (apple, pear)Other Fruit TypesAggregatemature ovaries from separate pistils of one flower (ex. raspberry)Multiplemature ovaries from separate pistils of several flowers (ex. pineapple)Accessoryfruit is something other than ovary tissue (ex. strawberry is a swollen receptacle, seeds are achenes)PlacentationMarginalAxileParietalFree centralApicalBasalOvary PositionHypogynous(above calyx)Perigynous(within the floral cup)Epigynous(below calyx)Monocots vs. DicotsOne cotyledonParallel leaf veinsFlower parts often in multiples of threeVascular bundles scattered in stemTwo cotyledonsNetlike leaf veinsFlower parts often in multiples of 4 or 5Vascular bundles in a ring in the