10 30 2013 LECUTRE ONE Articulations Joints Arthroses The more stable a joint the less mobility it affords the body and vice versa JOINTS CLASSIFIED BY STRUCTURE BY TISSUE CONNECTING BONE 1 Fibrous a Dense regular connective tissue between bones 2 Cartilaginous Hyaline Cartilage between bones 3 Synovial fluid between bones JOINTS CLASSIFIED BY FUNCTION MOBILITY 1 Synarthrosis a fixed and immovable joint 2 Amphiarthrosis A slightly moveable joint 3 Diarthrosis A freely movable joint TYPES OF SYNARTHROSES 1 suture fibrous joint 2 Gomphosis fibrous joint 3 Synchondrosis cartilaginous joint TYPES OF AMPHIARTHROSES 1 syndesmosis fibrous joint 2 interosseous membrane fibrous joint 3 symphysis cartilaginous joint TYPES OF DIARTHROSES All diarthroses are synovial joints 1 gliding joint ex Planar joint between the navicular and second and third cuneiforms of the tarsus in the foot 2 Hinge joint hinge joint between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna at the elbow 3 Pivot Joint ex Pivot joint between head of radius and radial notch of ulna 4 Condyloid joint Ex Condyloid joint between radius and scaphoid and lunate bones of the carpus 5 Saddle joint ex Between trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of thumb 6 Ball and socket joint Ball and socket joint between head of the femur and acetabulum of hip bone STRUCTURE OF DIARTHROSES SYNOVIAL FLUID FUNCTIONS Lubrication of the joint Provision of nutrients to articular cartilage which is avascular Shock absorption THE GLENOHUMERAL JOINT A SHOULDER JOINT Diarthrosis freely movable Highly mobile tri axial joint more prone to injury Stabilized by 5 ligaments and the tendons of 5 muscles GLENOHUMERAL JOINT LIGAMENTS Corachohumeral ligament Transverse humeral ligament Glenohumeral ligaments 3 GLENOHUMERAL JOINT TENDONS Tendon of biceps brachii muscle Tendon of infraspinatus muscle Tendon of teres minor muscle Tendon of supraspinatus muscle Tendon of subcapularis muscle TIBIOFEMORAL JOINT Diarthrosis Mono axial joint Medial and lateral menisci cushion the joint 7 ligaments stabilize the joint o 5 extracapsular ligaments o 2 intracapsular ligaments TIBIOFEMORAL LIGAMENTS ARTHRITIS 2 COMMON TYPES OSTEOARTHRITIS OA degenerative RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS RA inflammatory risk factors Heredity Excessive weight Joint injury Repeated overuse Aging Lack of physical activity Nerve injury LECTURE NUMBER TWO Functions of the muscular system Locomotion Facial expression Posture Regulation of body temperature SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTRACTION Voluntary Requires nervous system input Can be automatic but we have the ability to change skeletal muscle activity o Contraction of the diaphragm is usually automatic but you can take a deep breath or hold your breath whenever you choose BASICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT Muscles pull on bones they do not push easy to predict the action of a muscle if you know its location Origin where the muscle starts on a bone stays stationary Insertion where the muscle ends on a bone moves toward origin LEVERS AND FULCRUMS Lever rigid bar bone Fulcrum fixed point around which the rigid bar moves joint o Muscles act to facilitate movement at a fulcrum by exerting force on the lever LEVER SYSTEMS 1st 3rd class levers 1ST CLASS LEVERS EFL not many examples in the human body balanced lever systems 2ND CLASS LEVERS FLE not many examples in the human body sacrifices speed and range of motion for force 3RD CLASS LEVERS FEL favors speed and range of motion over force most common type of lever system in the body E Effort F Fulcrum L load Types of body movements General guidelines In standard anatomical position everything is extended except the feet When naming a movement includes the action and the name of the segment that moves o Ex Flexion of the forearm o Adduction of the thigh Flexion and extension Movement to reduce flexion or increase extension the angle between articulation bones at a joint These motions occur along sagittal plane anterior posterior ROTATION movement of a bone on its own longitudinal axis These motions typically involve triaxial or pivot joints Medial rotation refers to movement toward the long axis of the trunk Lateral rotation refers to movement away from the long axis of the trunk The more stable a joint the less mobility it affords the body and vice versa PROTRACTION AND RETRACTION Movement of a part of the body anteriorly or posteriorly in a horizontal body plane mandible clavicles scapulae INVERSION AND EVERSION Movement of sole of the foot at inter tarsals Inversion movement of foot plantar surface is turned inward Eversion plantar surface if turned outward SUPINE VS PRONE POSITION Both describe a body moreor less in the anatomical position but arranged on a horizontal plane rather than a frontal plane Supine laying down face up Prone laying down face down SUPINATION PRONATION VS MEDIAL AND LATERAL Supination and pronation are movements of the hand via rotation of the radius head within the radial notch of the ulna while the humerus is stabilized Medial and lateral refers to movement of the humerus along its axis while the radius remains stable Agonist muscle primarily responsible for the movement Antagonist muscle which opposes the action of the agonist Synergist assists agonist in making the action more efficient Fixator special synergists which help to prevent movement at muscle origin LECTURE THREE Muscles of the face Fontalis raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead Occipitalis draws scallop posteriorly Orbicularis oculi closes the eye as in blinking Orbicularis oris puckers the mouth for speech kissing Platysma moves lower lip inferiorly and posteriorly depresses mandible Zygomaticus major pulls corners of mouth superiorly smiling muscle Muscles that move the mandible Temporalis elevates and retracts mandible Masseter elevates and protracts the mandible Muscles that move the tongue Genioglosus and geniohyoid protrude the tongue and hyoid depresses the tongue in the mouth Hyoglosus retracts and depresses the tongue Styloglossus elevates and retracts the tongue muscles that move the head sternocleidomastoid when both contract flexion of head o when on side contracts head in opposite direction lateral flexion Muscles of respiration external intercostals elevate and protract thoracic cavity forced inspiration internal intercostals depress and retract thoracic cavity forced expiration Diaphragm primary muscle inspiration o When contracted moves downward and expands the thoracic cavity o When it relaxes it becomes dome shapes and