PSYC401A/501A:Principles of PsychophysiologySpring, 2008, Mondays, 3:00-5:50 p.m.Room 304 PsychologySyllabusOnline Syllabus:http://www.u.arizona.edu/~jallenFollow link to CoursesAdministrivia¾Drops and Adds¾Overview of Syllabus¾Class FormatSubstantive Topics ¾General Definition and Interpretive Issues¾Review of studies that highlight the utility of a psychophysiological approach¾Note Book Chapter request:http://www.library.arizona.edu/services/docdel/General Issues ¾Definition ¾Scope¾Problems of inference¾Problems and Prospects for the fieldDefinition¾ Darrow (1964) Presidential Address: ¾ the science which concerns physiological activities which underlie or relate to psychic events ¾ Ax (1964) Opening Editorial, Psychophysiology¾ Stern (1964), also in the 1stissue of PsychophysiologyDefinition¾ Stern (1964), also in the 1stissue of PsychophysiologyI would like to offer as a working suggestion that any research in which the dependent variable is a physiological measure and the independent variable a "behavioral" one should be considered psychophysiological researchYet he concludes… “I wish our editor the best of luck in defining the scope of articles acceptable for our journal.”Definition¾ Darrow (1964): ¾ the science which concerns physiological activities which underlie or relate to psychic events ¾ Cacioppo Tassinary & Berntson (2007): ¾ the scientific study of social, psychological, and behavioral phenomena as related to and revealed through physiological principles and events in functional organisms ¾ Allen (2008, this very moment): ¾ The use of a particular set of physiologically-based dependent or independent variables to gain insights into psychological questions; when done well, psychophysiological methods¾ provide an independent method ¾ provide information that is not accessible through other psychological methods¾ Distinguished from: Physiological psychology, Behavioral NeuroscienceScope“Classic Measures”¾ Skin Conductance (level and response)¾ Cardiac measures (heart rate, variability, contractility, both SNS and PNS measures, BP, plethysmography)¾ Oculomotor and pupilometric measures¾ Electromyographic activity¾ Respiration¾ Gastrointestinal activity¾ Penile and vaginal plethysmography¾ Electroencephalographic oscillatory measures (frequency domain EEG and sleep psychophysiology)¾ Event-related brain potentials¾ Event-related frequency changes“Newer Measures”¾ Hormonal and Endocrinological measures¾ Immune function¾ Functional neuroimaging¾ PET¾ fMRI¾ Optical Imaging¾ MEGManipulations¾ Classical Biofeedback¾ Rapid Transcranial Magnetic StimulationHemodynamic psychophysiologyEtc…Electro-myographicpsychophysiologyElectroencephalo-graphic psychophysiologyCardiovascular psychophysiologyElectrodermalpsychophysiologyCognitive psychophysiologyApplied psychophysiologySocial psychophysiologyClinical psychophysiologyDevelopmental psychophysiologyThematic x Systemic PsychophysiologyLie DetectionCardio effects prejudiceEEG Asym Inhibited kidsfMRI duing emotionfMRI duing emotionProblems of Inference:Correlate Vs Substrate¾Is observed physiological activity a substrate of observed behavior? BEWARE¾Helpful Criteria¾Is Φ necessary for behavior?¾If Φ removed, would behavior be altered?¾But ultimately, not easily resolvedA scientific theory is a description of causal interrelations. Psychophysiological correlations are not causal. Thus in scientific theories, psychophysiological correlations are monstrosities. This does not mean that such correlations have no part in science. They are the instruments by which the psychologist may test his theories. (Gardiner, Metcalf, & Beebe-Center, 1937, p. 385)Problems of InferenceFrom Cacioppo, Tassinary, & Berntson, 2000, 2007Only these types of relationships would allow a formal specification that psychological elements are a function of specific physiological elementsReducing the ComplexityFrom Cacioppo, Tassinary, & Berntson, 2000Typical Scenarios¾ Typical structure/assumption of psychophysiological or imaging study: ¾ P(Φ| Ψ) > 0¾ Typical structure/assumption of biofeedback study:¾ P(Ψ| Φ ) > 0 ¾ Typical hunt for “markers” or biological substrate¾ Study begins P(Φ| Ψ) > 0¾ Desirable (but often invalid) inference ¾ P(Ψ|Φ) > 0¾ Only valid given 1:1 relationship of Ψ and Φ¾ Use complementary approaches; e.g.,¾ fMRI = P(Φ|Ψ)¾ Lesion = P(Ψ|Φ)The Taxonomy of Φ and ΨFrom Cacioppo, Tassinary, & Berntson, 2000Example: affect and HR in IAPS paradigmInference given Φ: noneExample: medical tests(fasting cholesterol)Inference given Φ: yes, ifconditions were metExample: arousal and skinconductanceInference given Φ: noneExample: IT15 near end of short arm chromosome 4 and Huntington’sInference given Φ: definitely ψThe Inference Problem -- Illustratedd'Aquili and Newberg (1993) "Religious and Mystical States: A Neuropsychological Substrate" (Zygon 28: 177-200, 1993).An Improvement – but still just an outcomeAzari et al. (2001). Neural correlates of religious experience. European Journal of Neuroscience, 13, 1649-1652.Yet Another Example!“Our data confirm the emergence of conscious versus unconscious experience in the neural network of superior and inferior parietal lobule, left occipital cortex, precuneus, and frontal brain areas including BA 6 and BA 10.” page 2124Problems and Prospects for PsychophysiologyProblems/Challenges¾ Interpretive ambiguity¾ Time resolution and time courses of various systems/measures differ substantially¾ Spatial resolution¾ What is the functional significance of the observed physiological measure?Problems and Prospects for PsychophysiologyProspects¾ Non-invasive¾ Measures of real-time information¾ May be sensitive to things that we ourselves cannot be ¾ Ideally suited for populations that have limited verbal/cognitive capacity ¾ May tap function at roughly the proper level of the nervous system to be useful to psychological investigators¾ Psychophysiology is now more integrated into psychology as a whole -- you will see it in "nonspecialty" journals¾ More and more “canned” packages make it accessible to the novice, but novices need advice and consultation!¾ Even though there will always be newer technologies (e.g., PET, SPECT, MEG/SQUID, MRI, Functional MRI, etc.), traditional psychophysiology ¾ Has generally excellent sreal-time resolution ¾ Is flexible¾ Is cost-effective¾ Can be integrated