Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Lecture 5 ANTHROPOLOGY 101 INTRODUCTION TO SOCIAL AND CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY NOTES FROM LECTURE 5 ECOLOGY THE ENVIRONMENT AND SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES Ecology is the relationship of an organism to other elements within its environmental sphere Subsistence Strategies Food Collectors SmallSmall scale foragers Complex foragers Food producers Herders animal husbandry Extensive ag ag Intensive ag ag Farmers Mechanized industrial ag Cultural ecology is the way people use their culture to adapt to particular environments Food collectors Foraging small scale larger scale Food producers Farming Animal Husbandry Adaptation to environment Metis Scott 1998 Practical knowledge to respond to changing natural and human environment Through time Introduction to Cultural Anthropology Lecture 5 Foraging Hunt fish gather Original strategy Some nomadic Some small bands 10 15 others larger Egalitarian sharing cooperation No formal political legal religious structure Labor divided by age and gender More gender equality 70 food production Horticulture or extensive cultivation Production of plants using non mechanized technology Tropical forest adaptation SE Asia Sub Saharan Africa Pacific islands Amazon Tools hoes digging sticks no draft animals irrigation techniques plows Great physical labor Animal Husbandry or Pastoralism Herding of domesticated animals cattle goats sheep camels Nomadic water and food for animals Group identity pride independence Mostly Old World practice East Africa North Africa SW and Central Asia Agriculture or intensive cultivation Use of plow draft animals irrigation soil control Farming Social complexity armies bureaucracies markets institutions Industrialism Use of machine technology and chemical processes for food production Highly complex sub groups social status specialization markets ECONOMIC SYSTEMS Provision of goods and services to meet biological and social wants Economic systems z Production food collecting and food producing division of labor z Distribution allocation of resources Based on relationships and obligations Market exchange Reciprocal exchange Redistribution
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