Unformatted text preview:

MIT 3.016 Fall 2005 � W.C Carter Lecture 11 c64 Oct. 12 2005: Lecture 11: Geometry and Calculus of Vectors Reading: Kreyszig Sections: 8.1 (pp:401–06) , 8.2 (pp:408–413) §8.3 (pp:414–21) 8.4 (pp:423–27) § § §Vector Products The concept of vectors as abstract objects representing a collection of data has already been presented. Every student at this point has already encountered vectors as representation of points, forces, and accelerations in two and three dimensions. Mathematica r� Example: Lecture-11 Solution to 2D Diffusion Equation for Point Source Initial Conditions Flux as a vector field derived from concentration ∂C ∂C J�= −D( , )∂x ∂y Visualizing vector fieldsMIT 3.016 Fall 2005 � W.C Carter Lecture 11c65 Review: The Inner (dot) product of two vectors and relation to projection . . . . . . . . . . . . An inner (or dot-) project is multiplication of two vectors that produces a scalar. cqkcq �a �b ≡· ≡aibi � 1 if i = jaibj δij where δij ≡ 0 otherwise≡⎛⎜⎜⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎟⎟⎠ b1 b2 ≡(a1, a2, . . . aN ) (11-1). . . bN a1 a2 ⎛⎜⎜⎜⎝ ⎞⎟⎟⎟⎠ ≡(b1, b2, . . . bN ) . . . aN The inner product is: linear, distributive (k1�a + k2 �b) · �c = k1�a �c + k2 �b �c · · symmetric �a �b = �b �a · · satifies Schwarz inequality ��a��a�· b� ≤ ��b��satifies triangle inequality ��a + ��b� + �a�b� ≤ ��If the vector components are in a cartesian (i.e., cubic lattice) space, then there is a useful equation for the angle between two vectors: �a �b cos α = · = nˆ nˆb (11-2) ��a���b� a · where ˆni is the unit vector that shares a direction with i. Caution: when working with vectors in non-cubic crystal lattices (e.g, tetragonal, hexagonal, etc.) the angle relationship above does not hold. One must convert to a cubic system first to calculate the angles.MIT 3.016 Fall 2005 � W.C Carter Lecture 11 c66 The projection of a vector onto a direction ˆnb is a scalar: p = �a nˆb (11-3)· The vector product (or cross ×) differs from the dot (or inner) product in that multiplication produces a vector from two vectors. One might have quite a few choices about how to define such a product, but the following idea proves to be useful (and standard). normal Which way should the product vector point? Because two vectors (usually) define a plane, the product vector might as well point away from it. The exception is when the two vectors are linearly dependent; in this case the product vector will have zero magnitude. The product vector is normal to the plane defined by the two vectors that make up the product. A plane has two normals, which normal should be picked? By convention, the “right-hand-rule” defines which of the two normal should be picked. magnitude Given that the product vector points away from the two vectors that make up the product, what should be its magnitude? We already have a rule that gives us the cosine of the angle between two vectors, a rule that gives the sine of the angle between the two vectors would be useful. Therefore, the cross product is defined so that its magnitude for two unit vectors is the sine of the angle between them. cqkcq This has the extra utility that the cross product is zero when two vectors are linearly-dependent (i.e., they do not define a plane). This also has the utility, discussed below, that the triple product will be a scalar quantity equal to the volume of the parallelepiped defined by three vectors. Review: Vector (or cross-) products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .�����MIT 3.016 Fall 2005 � W.C Carter Lecture 11 c67 Mathematica r� Example: Lecture-11 Example of a Cross Product Matrix form of cross product ⎞⎠ ˆˆi ˆj k �a × �b = det ab11 ab22 ab33 ⎛⎝ The triple product, �a · (�b × �c) = (�a ��c = × b) · c� sin γb−c cos γa−bc = (11-4)a���b���c� sin γa−b cos γab−ca��b���where γi−j is the angle between two vectors i and j and γij−k is the angle between the vector k and plane spanned by i and j. is equal to the parallelepiped that has �a, �b, and �c, emanating from its bottom-back corner. If the triple product is zero, the volume between three vectors is zero and therefore they must be linearly dependent. Derivatives Vectors Consider a vector, �p, as a point in space. If that vector is a function of a real continuous parameter for instance, t, then �p(t) represents the loci as a function of a parameter. If � p(t) is continuous, then it sweeps out a continuous curve as t changes continuously. It is very natural to think of t as time and �p(t) as the trajectory of a particle—such a trajectory would be continuous if the particle does not disappear at one instant, t, and reappear an instant later, t + dt, some finite distance distance away from �p(t). If � p(t) is continuous, then the limit: p(t) � p(t)d� p(t + Δt) − �= lim (11-5)dt Δt 0 Δt→Notice that the numerator inside the limit is a vector and the denominator is a scalar; so, the derivative is also a vector. Think about the equation geometrically—it should be apparent that the vector represented by the derivative is locally tangent to the curve that is traced out by the points � p(t) �p(t − dt), � p(t + dt), etc.�MIT 3.016 Fall 2005 � W.C Carter Lecture 11 c68 Mathematica r� Example: Lecture-11 Vector Derivatives Visualizing a vector curve and its derivative Review: Partial and total derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . One might also consider a time- and space-dependent vector field, for instance �E(x, y, z, t ) = cqkcq E(�x, t) could be the force on a unit charge located at �x at time t. Here, there are many different things which might be varied and give rise to a derivative. Such questions might be: 1. How does the force on a unit charge differ for two nearby unit-charge particles, say at (x, y, z) and at (x, y + Δy, z)? 2. How does the force on a unit charge located at (x, y, z) vary with time? 3. How does the the force on a particle change as the particle traverses some path (x(t), y(t), z(t)) in space? Each question has the “flavor”


View Full Document
Download Lecture Notes
Our administrator received your request to download this document. We will send you the file to your email shortly.
Loading Unlocking...
Login

Join to view Lecture Notes and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or
We will never post anything without your permission.
Don't have an account?
Sign Up

Join to view Lecture Notes 2 2 and access 3M+ class-specific study document.

or

By creating an account you agree to our Privacy Policy and Terms Of Use

Already a member?