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TABLE OF CONTENTSSECTION 1 INTRODUCTION.…………………………………………………………1SECTION 2 METHODOLOGIES……………………………………….………………..52.1 Description of Monitoring Sites………………………………………….52.2 Sampling Strategies…………………………………………………….102.4 Rainfall and Monitored Events……………………………...………….12SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY RESULTS…………………………………...……..193.1 Computation of Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs)………….………13.2 EMCs of Water Quality Parameters………………………………...….213.3 Correlation among Water Quality Parameters…………………………226.2 Pollutographs and First Flush of Pollutants………………………….….GLOSSARY1.1 Overview of the First Flush Phenomenon2.1 Description of Monitoring SitesThe sites were maintained by the Department during the study2.2 Sampling Strategies2.3 Constituents and Analytical Methods2.4 Rainfall and Monitored Events3. WATER QUALITY RESULTS3.1 Computation of Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs)3.2 EMCs of Water Quality Parameters3.3 Correlation among Water Quality ParametersSampling strategy or regression method6.2 Pollutograph and First Flush of Pollutants6.10 New Method to Measure Oil and Grease ConcentrationFirst Flush Phenomenon Characterization Prepared for Prepared for: California Department of Transportation Division of Environmental Analysis 1120 N Street Sacramento, CA 95814 CTSW-RT-05-73-02.6 Prepared by: Michael K. Stenstrom Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Los Angeles Masoud Kayhanian Center for Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering University of California, Davis August 2005First Flush Phenomenon Characterization TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES…………………………………………………………………………v LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………vi GLOSSARY……………………………………………………………………………......viii ADA STAEMENT……………………………………….…………………………..............x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS AND DISCLAIMER STATEMENT …………...……..…..xi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………xii SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION.…………………………………………………………1 1.1 Overview of the First Flush Phenomenon……….………………………1 1.2 Focus of the Report……………………………………….……………...4 1.3 Report Organization…………………………………………………..….4 SECTION 2 METHODOLOGIES……………………………………….………………..5 2.1 Description of Monitoring Sites………………………………………….5 2.2 Sampling Strategies…………………………………………………….10 2.3 Constituents and Analytical Methods.………………………………….12 2.4 Rainfall and Monitored Events……………………………...………….12 SECTION 3 WATER QUALITY RESULTS…………………………………...……..19 3.1 Computation of Event Mean Concentrations (EMCs)………….………19 3.2 EMCs of Water Quality Parameters………………………………...….21 3.3 Correlation among Water Quality Parameters…………………………22 SECTION 4 FIRST FLUSH RESULTS AND DISCUSSION………………………….25 4.1 Meaningful Definition of First Flush for Practical Application….……25 4.2 PAH First Flush…………………….……………………………..……30 iiFirst Flush Phenomenon Characterization 4.3 Litter First Flush…………………………………………………..……33 4.4 Particle First Flush.………………………………………………..……36 4.5 Seasonal First Flush………………………………………………….…40 SECTION 5 TOPICS RELATED TO FIRST FLUSH………………...……………...46 5.1Treatment Strategies with Respect to First Flush Pollutant Load..….……46 5.2 A New Methodology to Monitor Oil and Grease..………………..……48 5.3 Composite Samples versus Grab Samples……….…………………..…51 SECTION 6 SUMMARY………………...…………………………………………..…...58 6.1 Definition of First Flush Phenomena………………………….…………59 6.2 Pollutographs and First Flush of Pollutants………………………….…..59 6.3 Load-graphs and Mass First Flush Ratios……………………..……..….60 6.4 Organics (PAHs) First Flush………………………..………………..….60 6.5 Litter First Flush……………………………………….………………...60 6.6 Seasonal First Flush……………………………………………………..60 6.7 Particle First Flush………………………………………...…….………61 6.8 BMP Evaluation Based Upon First Flush……………………………….61 6.9 Correlations among Water Quality Parameters………………………....61 6.10 New Method to Measure Oil and Grease Concentration………………62 6.11 Sampling Issue: Automatic versus Grab Sampling…………………....62 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………….64 BIBLIOGRAPHY.................................................................................................................67 iiiFirst Flush Phenomenon Characterization APPENDICES (Compendium CD with all PDF data files) List of Appendix Tables………………………………………...…………….i List of Appendix Figures…………………………………………………….iii Appendices Organization…………………………………………………xviii Appendix A Event Summary….........................................................................1 Appendix B Event Mean Concentrations…………………………………….7 Appendix C Total Mass Loading…………………………………………....22 Appendix D Mass First


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