Astronomy 101 The Solar System Tuesday, Thursday 2:30-3:45 pm Hasbrouck 20 Tom Burbine [email protected] CourseOffice HoursHomeworkAstronomy InformationFinalHW #12 and #13HW #14Exam #3Slide Number 10CurrentlyPythagoras Crater from SMART-1Pythagoras Crater from SeleneSlide Number 14Slide Number 15Slide Number 16Chandrayaan-1Slide Number 18Slide Number 19Slide Number 20Rocks and More MoonSlide Number 22Forming Different MineralogiesSlide Number 24What minerals form?Types of RocksIgneous RockMetamorphismSedimentarySlide Number 30Lunar MeteoritesSlide Number 32Slide Number 33Slide Number 34Magma OceanSlide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38How do you form the Moon?DefinitionsNeed to account for these thingsOxygen IsotopesSlide Number 43Slide Number 44Giant impact HypothesisSlide Number 46Slide Number 47AtmosphereDid We Land on the MoonAny Questions?Astronomy 101The Solar SystemTuesday, Thursday2:30-3:45 pmHasbrouck 20Tom [email protected]• Course Website:– http://blogs.umass.edu/astron101-tburbine/• Textbook:– Pathways to Astronomy (2nd Edition) by Stephen Schneider and Thomas Arny.•You also will need a calculator.Office Hours• Mine• Tuesday, Thursday - 1:15-2:15pm•Lederle Graduate Research Tower C 632• Neil• Tuesday, Thursday - 11 am-noon • Lederle Graduate Research Tower B 619-OHomework• We will use Spark•https://spark.oit.umass.edu/webct/logonDisplay.dowebct• Homework will be due approximately twice a weekAstronomy Information• Astronomy Help Desk• Mon-Thurs 7-9pm• Hasbrouck 205•The Observatory should be open on clear Thursdays • Students should check the observatory website at: http://www.astro.umass.edu/~orchardhillfor updated information• There's a map to the observatory on the website.Final• Monday - 12/14 • 4:00 pm• Hasbrouck 20HW #12 and #13• Due todayHW #14• Due Tuesday at 2:30 pmExam #3• Next Thursday•Covers material from October 15th– November 5th• FormulasDensity = mass/volumeVolume = 4/3πr3• Luna 2 - impact on the surface of the Moon (1959) (USSR)• Luna 3 - first photos of the far side of the Moon (1959) (USSR)• Apollo - Six manned landings on the Moon with sample return 1969-72. – (The seventh landing, Apollo 18, was canceled for political reasons)• Luna 16 - automated sample return from the Moon (1970) (USSR) • Clementine - a joint mission of the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization and NASA (1994)• Lunar Prospector - the first NASA mission to the Moon in almost 30 years (1998-1999)• SMART-1 - The European Space Agency’s (ESA) spacecraft orbited the Moon and then crashed into the Moon in (September, 2006)Currently• Japanese SELENE mission (also known as Kaguya) orbited the Moon•Goal was "to obtain scientific data of the lunar origin and evolution and to develop the technology for the future lunar exploration"http://www.selene.jaxa.jp/en/about/image/img_equipment_001_e.jpgPythagoras Crater from SMART-1http://www.space.com/imageoftheday/image_of_day_060626.htmlhttp://cdn2.libsyn.com/astronomy/moon_show20.gif?nvb=20081110153501&nva=20081111153501&t=0b619a8f8100c5f7820f5Pythagoras Crater from Selenehttp://wms.selene.jaxa.jp/data/en/hdtv/006/hdtv_006_3/hdtv_006_3_l.jpgDiameter 130 km, Depth 5.0 km• http://space.jaxa.jp/movie/20080411_kaguya_movie01_e.html• India's national space agency launched Chandrayaan-1, an unmanned lunar orbiter, on October 22, 2008.• Estimated cost is $80 million • The probe revolved around the Moon for ~1 years (no longer working)• Its scientific objectives were to prepare a three-dimensional atlas of the near and far side of the moon and to conduct a chemical and mineralogical mapping of the lunar surface.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/89/Chandrayaan1_Spacecraft_Discovery_Moon_Water.jpgChandrayaan-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Chandrayaan_1.jpg• A total of 382 kg of rock samples were returned to the Earth by the Apollo and Luna programs. • Apollo - 381.69 kg • Luna – 300 ghttp://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/database/MasterCatalog?sc=1970-072ALuna 16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Apollo_16_LM.jpgApollo 16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Apollo_15_Genesis_Rock.jpgApollo 15 sample“Genesis Rock”Very ancient sample4 billion years oldRocks and More Moon• Mineral – A naturally occurring, homogeneous inorganic solid substance having a definite chemical composition and characteristic crystal structure• Rock - naturally occurring aggregate of mineralsForming Different Mineralogies• Can be on a planet-scale• Or a few meters to kilometershttp://www.gly.fsu.edu/~salters/GLY1000/8Igneous_rocks/Slide16.jpgSome minerals formbefore other mineralsWhat minerals form?• Depends on the composition of the magma• Depends how quickly the magma coolsTypes of Rocks• Igneous – rock that solidified from molten or partially molten material• Metamorphic - rock that has changed in composition, mineral content, texture, or structure by the application of heat or pressure• Sedimentary – rock formed from material that was deposited as sediment by water, wind, or ice and then compressed and cementedIgneous Rockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Magma.jpgMetamorphismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Quartzite.jpgQuartziteSedimentary• Examples of two types of sedimentary rock: limey shale overlaid by limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Limestoneshale7342.jpg• Rock formed from sediments covers 75-80% of the Earth's land areaLunar Meteorites• ~60 are known• only 1 in 1200 meteorites are lunar• Lunar meteorites are expensive•http://www.meteorites.tv/298-buy-a-lunar-meteorite• By comparison, the price of 24-carat gold is about $20 per gram and gem-quality diamonds start at $1000-2000/gram. http://epsc.wustl.edu/admin/resources/moon_meteorites.htmlMarehttp://epsc.wustl.edu/admin/resources/moon/howdoweknow.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Lunar_Ferroan_Anorthosite_60025.jpgLunar Highlands• Highlands – contain Al-rich material– Plagioclase feldspar - CaAl2Si2O8• Mare – contain Fe-rich material – basaltic eruptions– Olivine - (Mg, Fe)2SiO4– Pyroxene – (Mg,Fe)SiO3– Ilmenite - FeTiO3http://epsc.wustl.edu/admin/resources/moon_meteorites.htmlFe-richAl-richMagma OceanHow do you form the Moon?Definitions• Volatile – evaporates easily• Refractory – does not evaporate easilyNeed to account for these things• The Moon's low density (3.3 g/cc) shows that it does