Slide 1Politics of StalemateThe Party DeadlockSlide 4Experiments in the StatesSlide 6Reestablishing Presidential PowerRepublicans in Power: The Billion-Dollar CongressTariffs, Trusts, and SilverSlide 10The Rise of the Populist MovementThe Farm ProblemThe Fast-Growing Farmers’ AllianceThe Fast-Growing Farmers’ Alliance: Ocala DemandsThe People’s PartyThe Crisis of the DepressionThe Panic of 1893Slide 18Coxey’s Army and the Pullman StrikeThe Miners of the MidwestA Beleaguered PresidentBreaking the Party DeadlockChanging Attitudes“Everybody Works but Father”The Presidential Election of 1896The Mystique of SilverRepublicans and GoldThe Democrats and SilverCampaign and ElectionThe McKinley AdministrationA Decade’s Dramatic ChangesChapterNinth EditionAmerica: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and PresentAmerica: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.Political Realignments Political Realignments in the 1890sin the 1890s20Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsPolitics of Stalemate•Politics was a major fascination of the late nineteenth century – seen as entertainment•Political ideology did not determine vote•White males made up bulk of electorate–Women allowed to vote in national elections only in Wyoming, Utah, Idaho, Colorado–Black men denied vote by poll tax, literacy tests – grandfather clause (could vote if grandfather eligible to vote)Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsThe Party Deadlock•Post-Civil War Democratic party divides electorate almost evenly with Republicans•Democrats emphasize state’s rights and limited government•Republicans see government as agent to promote moral progress and material wealth, protective tariffs, civil rights, subsidies to railroadsCopyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsThe Party Deadlock•One-party control of both Congress and White House rare•Each party has safe states, control of federal government rests with 6 “doubtful” states in North and Midwest•Federal influence wanes, state control rises•People look to States to solve problemsCopyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsExperiments in the States•Early state commissions established to investigate, regulate railroads•Advisory in nature•Munn v. Illinois (1877) upholds constitutionality of state investigationsCopyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsExperiments in the States•Wabash case (1886) prompts establishment of Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)•ICC prototype for modern regulatory agencies•ICC first federal regulation – regulate railroads but came to regulate all areas of govenmentCopyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsReestablishing Presidential Power•Presidency hits nadir under Johnson•Later presidents reassert executive power–Hayes gained presidency after disputed election of 1876 and ended military Reconstruction–Garfield asserted leadership of his party – assassinated in office–Arthur strengthened navy, civil service reform – Pendleton Act –Cleveland used veto to curtail federal activities, called for low tariffsCopyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsRepublicans in Power:The Billion-Dollar Congress•1888: Republicans control both White House and Capitol Hill – President Benjamin Harrison •1890: Adoption of Reed Rules permits enactment of “billion dollar” program•Important because it shaped the future policy of nation and asserted federal authorityCopyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsTariffs, Trusts, and Silver•1890: McKinley Tariff raises duties to historic high•Democrats want tariffs lowered and Republicans want to keep them high to help businesses•Dependents Pensions Act – l million receive pensions from union army •1890: Sherman Anti-Trust Act regulates big business (trusts) but was vague and at mercy of court–U.S. vs. E.C. Knight clarifies that law does not apply to manufacturersCopyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsTariffs, Trusts, and Silver•1890: Sherman Silver Purchase Act moves country toward bi-metallic monetary system (gold and silver)•Keeps limited silver coinage in circulation•Supporters convinced free silver would help agrarian sectorsCopyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsThe Rise of the Populist Movement•Discontented farmers of West and South provide base of support •Regional Alliances merge into The National Farmers' Alliance and results in populist movement•Purpose is to organize and politicize the farmerCopyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • BrandsThe Farm Problem•Worldwide agricultural economy causes great fluctuations in supply and demand•Farmers’ complaints:–Lower prices for crops (although purchasing power rising) –Rising railroad rates (rates actually declining)–Onerous mortgages (loans permit production