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Cal Poly Pomona PSY 402 - Chapter 9 Contemporary Theories

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PSY402 Theories of LearningContemporary TheoriesContemporary Theories (Cont.)Stimulus-Substitution TheoryConditioned Opponent ResponseDrug Tolerance OverdosesSOP TheoryTwo-Phase ReactionsMore Support for SOP TheoryAffective Extension of SOP TheoryRescorla-Wagner TheoryUCS Preexposure EffectProblems with Rescorla-WagnerMore ProblemsComparator TheoryAttentional ViewRetrospective ProcessingSlide 18Operant ConditioningProbability-Differential TheoryResponse Deprivation TheoryBehavioral AllocationProblems with ContingenciesChoice BehaviorDelayed GratificationComplexities of the Matching LawPSY402Theories of LearningMondayDecember 1, 2003Chapter 9 – Contemporary TheoriesContemporary TheoriesShift from global theories (e.g., Hull’s drive theory) to theories about specific aspects of learning.Global theories were about operant responding not classical conditioning.An animal’s biology influences whether, what, and how fast it can learn.Cognitive view requires emphasis on specific cognitive processes.Contemporary Theories (Cont.)Classical Conditioning:Nature of the CR – stimulus substitution theory and SOP theoryPredictiveness of the CS – Rescorla-Wagner associative model, comparator theory, attentional theory, retrospective processing approach.Operant Conditioning:Nature of reinforcementBehavioral economicsStimulus-Substitution TheoryWhat is the nature of the CR – is it just the UCR or is it different?Pavlov – stimulus-substitution theory:The CS stimulates the same areas of the brain as the UCS, producing the same response.Activation of CS with UCS establishes neural connection between brain areas.Conditioned Opponent ResponseThe CR and UCR are often different:CR of fear is different than UCR of pain.Siegel – best evidence of difference:Morphine (UCS) produced analgesia, reduced pain (UCR) Light or tone (CS) produced hyperalgesia, increased pain (CR).Rats remove paws from heat quickly with CS, slowly with UCS.Insulin (glycemia) works the same wayDrug Tolerance OverdosesElimination of a CS results in a stronger response to the UCS, drug.Extinction of responding to environ-mental cues strengthens drug responseChanging the context in which a drug is administered increases response to the drug.Novel environment does not elicit an opponent CR.SOP TheorySometimes Opponent-Process theory (SOP) – explains why CR varies.UCS elicits primary A1 (fast) and secondary A2 (longer) responses.A1 & A2 can be same or different.Conditioning only occurs to A2 – the CR is always an A2 response.When A1 & A2 differ, UCR & CR differ.Two-Phase ReactionsShock – results in:A1 -- Initial agitated hyperactivityA2 -- Long-lasting hypoactivity (freezing)CER elicited by CS is A2Morphine – results in:A1 – sedation or hypoactivityA2 – hyperactivity two hours laterCR elicited by CS is hyperactivityMore Support for SOP TheoryRabbit eyeblink mechanisms support the idea of two-phases.Backward conditioning – learning occurs if the CS is presented just before the peak of the A2 response.Larew – conditioning occurred with a 31 sec lapse but not 60 sec or 1 sec.Affective Extension of SOP TheoryWhy do different A2 responses have different optimal CS-UCS intervals?Two distinct UCR sequences activate distinct A1 & A2 sequences:SensoryEmotiveThese distinct sequences can have different strengths, time scales (latencies), or eliciting CS’s.Rescorla-Wagner TheoryThere is a maximum associative strength between CS and UCS.UCS determines the limitStrength gained on each training trial depends on prior training.More learning early, less later onRate of conditioning varies.Conditioning of a CS depends on prior conditioning to other stimuli.UCS Preexposure EffectIf the UCS is encountered without the CS prior to pairing of the two, less learning occurs.UCS becomes associated with other environmental stimuli (without CS).Since there is a limit to association strength, some is drained off by such prior associations.CS-UCS association is weakened.Problems with Rescorla-WagnerOvershadowing – salient cues have more associative strength.Sometimes a salient cue potentiates another cue instead of overshadowing.Garcia says cues are indexed.R-W says cues are seen as unitary stimulus.Unclear which explanation is correct.More ProblemsCS preexposure effect – appearance of CS without UCS prior to learning weakens learning.Shouldn’t have any effect according to Rescorla-Wagner theory, but it does.Cue-deflation effect – extinction of a more salient cue enhances learning for the less salient cue.Should be no change according to R-W.Comparator TheoryIf two CS’s are associated, extinction of one should reduce responding to the other.Sometimes true, other times not.CS-UCS associations exist for many stimuli but are exhibited only for the strongest.CS’s are judged in relation to each other.Attentional ViewMackintosh – learned irrelevance occurs during preexposure of CS.Animals exposed to a novel stimulus exhibit an orienting response.No orienting with preexposure.Habituation results in failure of conditioning.Pairing of CS/UCS in novel context results in learning.Retrospective ProcessingMost theories assume the level of responding will be constant after learning.Baker & Mercier suggest association can change after learning.Retrospective processing – CS-UCS contingency reevaluated after learning.Backward blocking – support for theorySuggests animals have mental representations, memory for events.Retrospective ProcessingMost theories assume the level of responding will be constant after learning.Baker & Mercier suggest association can change after learning.Retrospective processing – CS-UCS contingency reevaluated after learning.Backward blocking – support for theorySuggests animals have mental representations, memory for events.Operant ConditioningNature of reinforcement:Premack’s probability differential theoryResponse deprivation theoryBehavioral economics:Behavioral allocation – blisspointChoice behavior – Herrnstein’s matching law.Momentary maximization theoryDelay-reduction theoryProbability-Differential TheoryPremack – a reinforcer can be any activity that is more likely to occur than the reinforced


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