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Psychology 338KFall 2002Exam 11. Voltaire wrote that writing is the painting of the voice. This is correct, in thata. writing records the spoken language.b. painting is the only way to visual express ideas.c. everyone’s voice differs from everyone else’s.a. writing represents relatively specific ideas.2. The spoken language has priority over the written language in (at least) three ways. Which of these is NOT among them?a. ontogenyb. phylogenyc. universalityd. simplicity.3. The oldest writing we’ve found dates to abouta. 320,000 B.C.b. 32,000 B.C.c. 3200 B.C.d. 320 B.C.4. Scholars believe that writing was independently invented e. oncef. twice.g. thrice.h. four or more times.5. The alphabet was invented arounda. 3200 B.C.b. 2200 B.C.c. 1200 B.C.d. 200 B.C.6. Scholars believe that the alphabet was independently inventeda. once.b. twice.c. thriced. four or more times.7. That writing is not quite the painting of the voice is illustrated by the example ofa. alpha vs. beta.b. deep vs shallow.c. keep coold. of8. An orthography like Finnish is called shallow becausea. each letter always represents the same phoneme.b. each phoneme is always represented by the same letter.c. both of the above.d. neither of the above9. English orthography is called deep becausea. each letter always represents the same phoneme.b. each phoneme is always represented by the same letter.c. both of the above.d. neither of the above10. A splendid example of this is the phoneme1a. /a/.b. /e/.c. /i/.d. /o/.e. /u/.11. What else constitutes part of English orthography?a a. capitalizationb b. orientattionc. punctuationc d spacingd e. all of the above12. Can punctuation change the meaning of a text?a. Yes.b. No.13. Are words in a spoken sentence spaced?e a. Yes.f b. No.14. In a comparison of literacy in 32 countries, which finished first?a. Finlandb. Germanyc. New Zealandd. U.S.A.15. Almost every sentence one reads or hears isa. grammatical.b. ungrammatical.c. common.d. novel.16. Rank these orthographies from shallow to deep.a. Finnish, Spanish, English.b. Spanish, Finnish, Englishc. Finnish, English, Spanish.d. Spanish, English, Finnish.17. Korean is bi-orthographic. Which orthography is alphabetic?a. hangul.b. hanja218. How many vowels are there in English?a. 5b. 10c. 15d. 2419. How many consonants are there in English?a. 12b. 15c. 21d. 2420. Every letter in English can be mapped onto more than one phoneme.a. True.b. False.21. That the letter-phoneme correspondences in English are context-dependent is dramatically illustrated by the worda. chord.b. chore.c. chorus.d. choreography.22. How many phonemes does the word cheese contain?a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5e. 623. Can a phoneme be defined by its acoustic signal? (Think about “keep cool.”)a. Yes.b. No.24. Can a phoneme be defined by its articulation?a. Yes.b. No.25. So where IS a phoneme?a. In the mouth.b. In the air.c. In the brain.d. In the foot.26. The external (behavioral) part of reading consists of a series of fixations connected by saccades. The reason this is so is because of limitations in oura. alphabet.b. lexicon.c. languaged. visual acuity.327. The average (mean) fixation duration is _____ milliseconds.a. 20b. 140c. 250d. 50028. Fixation durations area. constant.b. variable.29. The average (mean) saccade length isa. 5b. 8c. 12d. 1530. Saccade lengths area. constant.b. variable.31. The control of fixations and saccades isa. global.b. local.32. We fixate ____ percent of content words.a. 20b. 40c. 60d. 8033. We fixate ____ percent of function words.a. 20b. 40c. 60d. 8034. In a text, about ____ are content words.a. 10b. 30c. 50d. 7035. Linguists also call function words the _________ class.a. closedb. morphemicc. opend. syntactic36. The reason we believe the control of fixations is global/local is that fixation durations are strongly influenced bya. the nature of the fixated word.b. The difficulty of the text.37. Using the eye-movement contingent display change paradigm, McConkie and Rayner have shown that during a fixation we are accomplishing three things. We area. semantically processing the word under fixation.b. (at least) limning the shape of the next word.c. determining the location and length of the word beyond that.4d. doing all of the above.38. In addition, we area. disambiguating the fixated word.b. connecting that word with the preceding context.c. programming the next saccade.d. doing all of the above.39. Westheimer has shown that sacccadic eye movements area. ballistic.b. constant.c. fast.d. variable.40. He did this by showing that when a student is fixating a dot, and the dot moves away for 100milliseconds (less than the reaction time of the eye), and then returns, the studenta. remains fixated on the original target.b. moves to the position where the dot was and stays there.c. moves to the position where the dot was, then returns.41. Tale and tail area. homographic homophones.b. homographic heterophones.c. heterographic homophones.d. heterographic heterophones.42. Bow (/bo/ and bow (/bau/) area. homographic homophones.b. homographic heterophones.c. heterographic homophones.d. heterographic heterophones43. On a 100 word passages, first graders make _____ fixations while college students makea. 100, 100b. 100, 75c. 200, 100d. 200, 7544. In 100 saccades, first graders make _____ regressions, while college students makea. 15, 15b. 25, 15c. 35, 25d. 45, 25545. Which of these is a direct measure of word recognition?a. fixation durationb. naming latencyc. lexical decision latencyd. categorization latencye. none of the above46. The reason why many researchers favor lexical decision and categorization over naming latency is that naminga. requires a vocal response.b. May not involve lexical access.c. Too many words are polyphonic.47. The reason why many researchers favor categorization over lexical decision is that lexical decision may not involvea. a word’s meaning.b. A choice.c. A manual response.d. memory.48. PET scans have shown that in the prestriate area both words and ________ show the same effects.a. Greek lettersb. pseudowords.c. visual images.49. A printed word falls on the retinaa. right side up and forward.b. right side up and backwards.c. upsidedown and forward.d. upside down and backwords.50. From there, it travels to the _________ lobe.a. frontalb. occipital c. parietald. temporal51. Gough rhymes witha. boughb. coughc. doughd.


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